Review on engineering of bone scaffolds using conventional and additive manufacturing technologies

Bone is a complex connective tissue that serves as mechanical and structural support for the human body. Bones' fractures are common, and the healing process is physiologically complex and involves both mechanical and biological aspects. Tissue engineering of bone scaffolds holds great promise for the future treatment of bone injuries. However, conventional technologies to prepare bone scaffolds can not provide the required properties of human bones. Over the past decade, three-dimensional printing or additive manufacturing technologies have enabled the control over the creation of bone scaffolds with personalized geometries, appropriate materials and tailored pores. This paper aims to review the recent advances in the fabrication of bone scaffolds for bone repair and regeneration. A detailed review of bone fracture repair and an in-depth discussion on conventional manufacturing and three-dimensional printing techniques are introduced with an emphasis on novel studies concepts, potentials and limitations.

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