References | 1. Wu A-M, Bisignano C, James SL, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021;2(9):e580-e92. 2. Hassanin H, Al-Kinani AA, ElShaer A, et al. Stainless steel with tailored porosity using canister-free hot isostatic pressing for improved osseointegration implants. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2017;5(47):9384-94. 3. Heuijerjans A, Wilson W, Ito K, et al. The critical size of focal articular cartilage defects is associated with strains in the collagen fibers. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2017;50:40-6. 4. Yang Y, Wu P, Wang Q, et al. The Enhancement of Mg Corrosion Resistance by Alloying Mn and Laser-Melting. Materials (Basel). 2016;9(4). 5. Wang Z, Wang C, Li C, et al. Analysis of factors influencing bone ingrowth into three-dimensional printed porous metal scaffolds: a review. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017;717:271-85. 6. Kumar A, Mandal S, Barui S, et al. Low temperature additive manufacturing of three dimensional scaffolds for bone-tissue engineering applications: Processing related challenges and property assessment. Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2016;103:1-39. 7. Janik H, Marzec M. A review: fabrication of porous polyurethane scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2015;48:586-91. 8. Bose S, Ke D, Sahasrabudhe H, et al. Additive manufacturing of biomaterials. Progress in materials science. 2018;93:45-111. 9. Gao C, Peng S, Feng P, et al. Bone biomaterials and interactions with stem cells. Bone Res. 2017;5(1):17059. 10. Currey JD. The structure and mechanics of bone. J Mater Sci. 2012;47(1):41-54. 11. Lacroix D. 4 - Biomechanical aspects of bone repair. In: Planell JA, Best SM, Lacroix D, Merolli A, editors. Bone Repair Biomaterials: Woodhead Publishing; 2009. p. 106-18. 12. Hasegawa K, Turner CH, Burr DB. Contribution of collagen and mineral to the elastic anisotropy of bone. Calcified Tissue International. 1994;55(5):381-6. 13. Frost HM. Some ABC's of skeletal pathophysiology. 6. The growth/modeling/remodeling distinction. Calcified Tissue International. 1991;49(5):301-2. 14. Parfitt AM. Chapter 15 - Skeletal Heterogeneity and the Purposes of Bone Remodeling: Implications for the Understanding of Osteoporosis. In: Marcus R, Feldman D, Kelsey J, editors. Osteoporosis (Second Edition). San Diego: Academic Press; 2001. p. 433-47. 15. Lacroix D. 3 - Biomechanical aspects of bone repair. In: Pawelec KM, Planell JA, editors. Bone Repair Biomaterials (Second Edition): Woodhead Publishing; 2019. p. 53-64. 16. Mach DB, Rogers SD, Sabino MC, et al. Origins of skeletal pain: sensory and sympathetic innervation of the mouse femur. Neuroscience. 2002;113(1):155-66. 17. Bjørnerem Å. The clinical contribution of cortical porosity to fragility fractures. Bonekey Rep. 2016;5:846-. 18. Schaffler MB, Radin EL, Burr DB. Mechanical and morphological effects of strain rate on fatigue of compact bone. Bone. 1989;10(3):207-14. 19. Fuchs RK, Thompson WR, Warden SJ. 2 - Bone biology. In: Pawelec KM, Planell JA, editors. Bone Repair Biomaterials (Second Edition): Woodhead Publishing; 2019. p. 15-52. 20. Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SLY. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints: Springer New York; 2012. 21. Gibson LJ. The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. Journal of Biomechanics. 1985;18(5):317-28. 22. Ding M, Dalstra M, Danielsen C, et al. Age variations in the properties of human tibial trabecular bone. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79:995-1002. 23. Melvin JW. Fracture Mechanics of Bone. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 1993;115(4B):549-54. 24. Kumar P, Vinitha B, Fathima G. Bone grafts in dentistry. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2013;5(Suppl 1):S125-S7. 25. Brydone AS, Meek D, Maclaine S. Bone grafting, orthopaedic biomaterials, and the clinical need for bone engineering. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2010;224(12):1329-43. 26. Dimitriou R, Jones E, McGonagle D, et al. Bone regeneration: current concepts and future directions. BMC Medicine. 2011;9(1):66. 27. Moshiri A, Oryan A. Role of tissue engineering in tendon reconstructive surgery and regenerative medicine: current concepts, approaches and concerns. Hard Tissue. 2012;1(2):11. 28. Oryan A, Moshiri A. Recombinant fibroblast growth protein enhances healing ability of experimentally induced tendon injury in vivo. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. 2014;8(6):421-31. 29. Oryan A, Moshiri A. A long term study on the role of exogenous human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor on the superficial digital flexor tendon healing in rabbits. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2011;11(2):185-95. 30. Parizi AM, Oryan A, Shafiei-Sarvestani Z, et al. Human platelet rich plasma plus Persian Gulf coral effects on experimental bone healing in rabbit model: radiological, histological, macroscopical and biomechanical evaluation. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2012;23(2):473-83. 31. Oryan A, Meimandi Parizi A, Shafiei-Sarvestani Z, et al. Effects of combined hydroxyapatite and human platelet rich plasma on bone healing in rabbit model: radiological, macroscopical, hidtopathological and biomechanical evaluation. Cell Tissue Bank. 2012;13(4):639-51. 32. Shafiei-Sarvestani Z, Oryan A, Bigham AS, et al. The effect of hydroxyapatite-hPRP, and coral-hPRP on bone healing in rabbits: Radiological, biomechanical, macroscopic and histopathologic evaluation. Int J Surg. 2012;10(2):96-101. 33. Oryan A, Moshiri A, Raayat AR. Novel Application of Theranekron® Enhanced the Structural and Functional Performance of the Tenotomized Tendon in Rabbits. Cells Tissues Organs. 2012;196(5):442-55. 34. Zimmermann G, Moghaddam A. Allograft bone matrix versus synthetic bone graft substitutes. Injury. 2011;42:S16-S21. 35. Janicki P, Schmidmaier G. What should be the characteristics of the ideal bone graft substitute? Combining scaffolds with growth factors and/or stem cells. Injury. 2011;42:S77-S81. 36. Oryan A, Moshiri A, Sharifi P. Advances in injured tendon engineering with emphasis on the role of collagen implants. Hard Tissue. 2012;1(2):12. 37. Oryan A, Alidadi S, Moshiri A. Current concerns regarding healing of bone defects. Hard tissue. 2013;2(2):1-12. 38. Athanasiou VT, Papachristou DJ, Panagopoulos A, et al. Histological comparison of autograft, allograft-DBM, xenograft, and synthetic grafts in a trabecular bone defect: an experimental study in rabbits. Medical Science Monitor. 2009;16(1):BR24-BR31. 39. Putzier M, Strube P, Funk JF, et al. Allogenic versus autologous cancellous bone in lumbar segmental spondylodesis: a randomized prospective study. European Spine Journal. 2009;18(5):687-95. 40. Roberts TT, Rosenbaum AJ. Bone grafts, bone substitutes and orthobiologics: the bridge between basic science and clinical advancements in fracture healing. Organogenesis. 2012;8(4):114-24. 41. Bajaj P, Schweller RM, Khademhosseini A, et al. 3D biofabrication strategies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Annual review of biomedical engineering. 2014;16:247-76. 42. Thavornyutikarn B, Chantarapanich N, Sitthiseripratip K, et al. Bone tissue engineering scaffolding: computer-aided scaffolding techniques. Prog Biomater. 2014;3(2-4):61-102. 43. Ma PX. Scaffolds for tissue fabrication. Materials Today. 2004;7(5):30-40. 44. Ma PX, Langer R. Fabrication of Biodegradable Polymer Foams for Cell Transplantation and Tissue Engineering. In: Morgan JR, Yarmush ML, editors. Tissue Engineering Methods and Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 1999. p. 47-56. 45. Lu L, Peter SJ, Lyman MD, et al. In vitro degradation of porous poly(l-lactic acid) foams. Biomaterials. 2000;21(15):1595-605. 46. Lee SB, Kim YH, Chong MS, et al. Study of gelatin-containing artificial skin V: fabrication of gelatin scaffolds using a salt-leaching method. Biomaterials. 2005;26(14):1961-8. 47. Lee SB, Kim YH, Chong MS, et al. Preparation and characteristics of hybrid scaffolds composed of β-chitin and collagen. Biomaterials. 2004;25(12):2309-17. 48. Tessmar J, Holland T, Mikos A. Salt Leaching for Polymer Scaffolds. 2005. p. 111-24. 49. Thavornyutikarn B, Chantarapanich N, Sitthiseripratip K, et al. Bone tissue engineering scaffolding: computer-aided scaffolding techniques. Progress in Biomaterials. 2014;3(2):61-102. 50. Subia B, Kundu J, Kundu SC. Biomaterial scaffold fabrication techniques for potential tissue engineering applications. Tissue engineering. 2010;141. 51. Quirk RA, France RM, Shakesheff KM, et al. Supercritical fluid technologies and tissue engineering scaffolds. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science. 2004;8(3):313-21. 52. Zellander A, Gemeinhart R, Djalilian A, et al. Designing a gas foamed scaffold for keratoprosthesis. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2013;33(6):3396-403. 53. Haugen H, Ried V, Brunner M, et al. Water as foaming agent for open cell polyurethane structures. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2004;15(4):343-6. 54. Mooney DJ, Baldwin DF, Suh NP, et al. Novel approach to fabricate porous sponges of poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) without the use of organic solvents. Biomaterials. 1996;17(14):1417-22. 55. Kim HJ, Park IK, Kim JH, et al. Gas foaming fabrication of porous biphasic calcium phosphate for bone regeneration. Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2012;9(2):63-8. 56. Nam YS, Yoon JJ, Park TG. A novel fabrication method of macroporous biodegradable polymer scaffolds using gas foaming salt as a porogen additive. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000;53(1):1-7. 57. Keskar V, Marion NW, Mao JJ, et al. In Vitro Evaluation of Macroporous Hydrogels to Facilitate Stem Cell Infiltration, Growth, and Mineralization. Tissue Eng Part A. 2009;15(7):1695-707. 58. Wachiralarpphaithoon C, Iwasaki Y, Akiyoshi K. Enzyme-degradable phosphorylcholine porous hydrogels cross-linked with polyphosphoesters for cell matrices. Biomaterials. 2007;28(6):984-93. 59. Mikos AG, Temenoff JS. Formation of highly porous biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 2000;3:23-4. 60. Nam YS, Park TG. Porous biodegradable polymeric scaffolds prepared by thermally induced phase separation. J Biomed Mater Res. 1999;47(1):8-17. 61. Schugens C, Maquet V, Grandfils C, et al. Polylactide macroporous biodegradable implants for cell transplantation. II. Preparation of polylactide foams by liquid‐liquid phase separation. J Biomed Mater Res. 1996;30(4):449-61. 62. Kim HD, Bae EH, Kwon IC, et al. Effect of PEG–PLLA diblock copolymer on macroporous PLLA scaffolds by thermally induced phase separation. Biomaterials. 2004;25(12):2319-29. 63. Czernuszka SE. JT Making tissue engineering scaffolds work. Review: the application of solid freeform fabrication technology to the production of tissue engineering scaffolds. Eur Cell Mater. 2003;5:29-39. 64. Whang K, Thomas CH, Healy KE, et al. A novel method to fabricate bioabsorbable scaffolds. Polymer. 1995;36(4):837-42. 65. O’Brien FJ, Harley BA, Yannas IV, et al. Influence of freezing rate on pore structure in freeze-dried collagen-GAG scaffolds. Biomaterials. 2004;25(6):1077-86. 66. Park S-N, Park J-C, Kim HO, et al. Characterization of porous collagen/hyaluronic acid scaffold modified by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide cross-linking. Biomaterials. 2002;23(4):1205-12. 67. Bajaj P, Schweller RM, Khademhosseini A, et al. 3D Biofabrication Strategies for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 2014;16(1):247-76. 68. Zhu N, Chen X. Biofabrication of tissue scaffolds. Advances in biomaterials science and biomedical applications. 2013:315-28. 69. Ramakrishna S, Fujihara K, Teo W-E, et al. An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers: WORLD SCIENTIFIC; 2005. 396 p. 70. Nalbandian M. Development and Optimization of Chemically-Active Electrospun Nanofibers for Treatment of Impaired Water Sources 2014. 71. Wutticharoenmongkol P, Sanchavanakit N, Pavasant P, et al. Novel bone scaffolds of electrospun polycaprolactone fibers filled with nanoparticles. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2006;6(2):514-22. 72. He F-L, Li D-W, He J, et al. A novel layer-structured scaffold with large pore sizes suitable for 3D cell culture prepared by near-field electrospinning. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2018;86:18-27. 73. Dhand C, Ong ST, Dwivedi N, et al. Bio-inspired in situ crosslinking and mineralization of electrospun collagen scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2016;104:323-38. 74. Thavasi V, Singh G, Ramakrishna S. Electrospun nanofibers in energy and environmental applications. Energy & Environmental Science. 2008;1(2):205-21. 75. Varga M. Chapter 3 - Self-assembly of nanobiomaterials. In: Grumezescu AM, editor. Fabrication and Self-Assembly of Nanobiomaterials: William Andrew Publishing; 2016. p. 57-90. 76. Wade RJ, Burdick JA. Advances in nanofibrous scaffolds for biomedical applications: From electrospinning to self-assembly. Nano Today. 2014;9(6):722-42. 77. Nie W, Peng C, Zhou X, et al. Three-dimensional porous scaffold by self-assembly of reduced graphene oxide and nano-hydroxyapatite composites for bone tissue engineering. Carbon. 2017;116:325-37. 78. Ding Y, Li W, Schubert DW, et al. An organic-inorganic hybrid scaffold with honeycomb-like structures enabled by one-step self-assembly-driven electrospinning. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2021;124:112079. 79. Liu Tsang V, Bhatia SN. Three-dimensional tissue fabrication. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2004;56(11):1635-47. 80. Yeong W-Y, Chua C-K, Leong K-F, et al. Rapid prototyping in tissue engineering: challenges and potential. Trends in Biotechnology. 2004;22(12):643-52. 81. Hollister SJ. Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering. Nat Mater. 2005;4(7):518-24. 82. Mohammed A, Elshaer A, Sareh P, et al. Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Drug Delivery Applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2020;580:119245. 83. Pieterse FF, Nel AL, editors. The advantages of 3D printing in undergraduate mechanical engineering research. 2016 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON); 2016 10-13 April 2016. 84. Berman B. 3-D printing: The new industrial revolution. Business Horizons. 2012;55(2):155-62. 85. Klippstein H, Diaz De Cerio Sanchez A, Hassanin H, et al. Fused Deposition Modeling for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Review. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2018;20(2):1700552. 86. Essa K, Hassanin H, Attallah MM, et al. Development and testing of an additively manufactured monolithic catalyst bed for HTP thruster applications. Appl Catal A Gen. 2017;542:125-35. 87. Qiu C, Adkins NJE, Hassanin H, et al. In-situ shelling via selective laser melting: Modelling and microstructural characterisation. Mater Des. 2015;87:845-53. 88. Sabouri A, Yetisen AK, Sadigzade R, et al. Three-Dimensional Microstructured Lattices for Oil Sensing. Energy & Fuels. 2017;31(3):2524-9. 89. Klippstein H, Hassanin H, Diaz De Cerio Sanchez A, et al. Additive Manufacturing of Porous Structures for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Applications. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2018;20(9):1800290. 90. Ferrari A, Frank D, Hennen L, et al. Additive bio-manufacturing: 3D printing for medical recovery and human enhancement2018. 91. Ziaee M, Crane NB. Binder jetting: A review of process, materials, and methods. Addit Manuf. 2019;28:781-801. 92. Chavanne P, Stevanovic S, Wüthrich A, et al. 3D printed chitosan / hydroxyapatite scaffolds for potential use in regenerative medicine. Biomed Tech (Berl)2013. 93. Hong D, Chou D-T, Velikokhatnyi OI, et al. Binder-jetting 3D printing and alloy development of new biodegradable Fe-Mn-Ca/Mg alloys. Acta Biomater. 2016;45:375-86. 94. Mostafaei A, Elliott AM, Barnes JE, et al. Binder jet 3D printing—Process parameters, materials, properties, modeling, and challenges. Progress in Materials Science. 2021;119:100707. 95. Lim SH, Kathuria H, Tan JJY, et al. 3D printed drug delivery and testing systems — a passing fad or the future? Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2018;132:139-68. 96. Pusch K, Hinton TJ, Feinberg AW. Large volume syringe pump extruder for desktop 3D printers. HardwareX. 2018;3:49-61. 97. Poldervaart MT, Gremmels H, van Deventer K, et al. Prolonged presence of VEGF promotes vascularization in 3D bioprinted scaffolds with defined architecture. J Control Release. 2014;184:58-66. 98. Ahlfeld T, Akkineni AR, Förster Y, et al. Design and Fabrication of Complex Scaffolds for Bone Defect Healing: Combined 3D Plotting of a Calcium Phosphate Cement and a Growth Factor-Loaded Hydrogel. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2017;45(1):224-36. 99. Whulanza Y, Arsyan R, Saragih A. Characterization of hydrogel printer for direct cell-laden scaffolds2018. 040002 p. 100. Negro A, Cherbuin T, Lutolf M. 3D Inkjet Printing of Complex, Cell-Laden Hydrogel Structures. Scientific Reports. 2018;8. 101. Wei L, Wu S, Kuss M, et al. 3D printing of silk fibroin-based hybrid scaffold treated with platelet rich plasma for bone tissue engineering. Bioact Mater. 2019;4:256-60. 102. Ozbolat IT, Chen H, Yu Y. Development of ‘Multi-arm Bioprinter’ for hybrid biofabrication of tissue engineering constructs. Robot Comput Integr Manuf. 2014;30(3):295-304. 103. Ngo TD, Kashani A, Imbalzano G, et al. Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges. Compos B Eng. 2018;143:172-96. 104. Langford T, Mohammed A, Essa K, et al. 4D Printing of Origami Structures for Minimally Invasive Surgeries Using Functional Scaffold. Applied Sciences [Internet]. 2021; 11(1). 105. Hong JM, Kim BJ, Shim J-H, et al. Enhancement of bone regeneration through facile surface functionalization of solid freeform fabrication-based three-dimensional scaffolds using mussel adhesive proteins. Acta Biomater. 2012;8(7):2578-86. 106. Ferrari A, Frank D, Hennen L, et al. Additive bio-manufacturing: 3D printing for medical recovery and human enhancement2018. 107. Wong KV, Hernandez A. A review of additive manufacturing. ISRN Mechanical Engineering. 2012;2012. 108. Zein I, Hutmacher DW, Tan KC, et al. Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials. 2002;23(4):1169-85. 109. Water JJ, Bohr A, Boetker J, et al. Three-Dimensional Printing of Drug-Eluting Implants: Preparation of an Antimicrobial Polylactide Feedstock Material. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015;104(3):1099-107. 110. Sandler N, Salmela I, Fallarero A, et al. Towards fabrication of 3D printed medical devices to prevent biofilm formation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2014;459(1):62-4. 111. Melčová V, Svoradová K, Menčík P, et al. FDM 3D Printed Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering Based on Plasticized Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(d,l-lactide) Blends. Polymers (Basel). 2020;12(12). 112. Bittredge O, Hassanin H, El-Sayed MA, et al. Fabrication and Optimisation of Ti-6Al-4V Lattice-Structured Total Shoulder Implants Using Laser Additive Manufacturing. Materials [Internet]. 2022; 15(9). 113. Elsayed M, Ghazy M, Youssef Y, et al. Optimization of SLM process parameters for Ti6Al4V medical implants. Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2019;25(3):433-47. 114. El-Sayed MA, Essa K, Ghazy M, et al. Design optimization of additively manufactured titanium lattice structures for biomedical implants. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2020;110(9):2257-68. 115. Kusoglu I, Doñate-Buendía C, Barcikowski S, et al. Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers: Quantitative Research Direction Indices. Materials (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;14. 116. Gaur B, Soman D, Ghyar R, et al. Ti6Al4V scaffolds fabricated by laser powder bed fusion with hybrid volumetric energy density. Rapid Prototyp J. 2022. 117. Liu F-H. Synthesis of biomedical composite scaffolds by laser sintering: Mechanical properties and in vitro bioactivity evaluation. Applied Surface Science. 2014;297:1-8. 118. Gibson I. Material properties and fabrication parameters in selective laser sintering process. Rapid Prototyp J. 1997;3(4):129-36. 119. Duan B, Cheung WL, Wang M. Optimized fabrication of Ca–P/PHBV nanocomposite scaffolds via selective laser sintering for bone tissue engineering. Biofabrication. 2011;3(1):015001. 120. Williams JM, Adewunmi A, Schek RM, et al. Bone tissue engineering using polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering. Biomaterials. 2005;26(23):4817-27. 121. Kruth JP, Levy G, Klocke F, et al. Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol. 2007;56(2):730-59. 122. Park HK, Shin M, Kim B, et al. A visible light-curable yet visible wavelength-transparent resin for stereolithography 3D printing. NPG Asia Mater. 2018;10(4):82-9. 123. Huang J, Qin Q, Wang J. A Review of Stereolithography: Processes and Systems. Processes [Internet]. 2020; 8(9). 124. Schmidleithner C, Kalaskar DM. Stereolithography. IntechOpen; 2018. 125. Nguyen KT, West JL. Photopolymerizable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials. 2002;23(22):4307-14. 126. Cooke MN, Fisher JP, Dean D, et al. Use of stereolithography to manufacture critical-sized 3D biodegradable scaffolds for bone ingrowth. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2003;64B(2):65-9. 127. Harris RA, Newlyn HA, Hague RJM, et al. Part shrinkage anomilies from stereolithography injection mould tooling. Int J Mach Tools Manuf. 2003;43(9):879-87. 128. Wang WL, Cheah CM, Fuh JYH, et al. Influence of process parameters on stereolithography part shrinkage. Mater Des. 1996;17(4):205-13. 129. Kim K, Yeatts A, Dean D, et al. Stereolithographic Bone Scaffold Design Parameters: Osteogenic Differentiation and Signal Expression. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2010;16(5):523-39. 130. Sinha RP, Häder D-P. UV-induced DNA damage and repair: a review. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2002;1(4):225-36. 131. de Gruijl FR, van Kranen HJ, Mullenders LHF. UV-induced DNA damage, repair, mutations and oncogenic pathways in skin cancer. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2001;63(1):19-27. 132. Palmero EM, Bollero A. 3D and 4D Printing of Functional and Smart Composite Materials. In: Brabazon D, editor. Encyclopedia of Materials: Composites. Oxford: Elsevier; 2021. p. 402-19. 133. Ahmad N, Gopinath P, Vinogradov A. 3D printing in medicine: Current challenges and potential applications. 3D Printing Technology in Nanomedicine2019. p. 1-22. 134. Dávila J, Neto P, Noritomi P, et al. Hybrid manufacturing: a review of the synergy between directed energy deposition and subtractive processes. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2020;110. 135. Ashish, Ahmad N, Gopinath P, et al. Chapter 1 - 3D Printing in Medicine: Current Challenges and Potential Applications. In: Ahmad N, Gopinath P, Dutta R, editors. 3D Printing Technology in Nanomedicine: Elsevier; 2019. p. 1-22. 136. Rouf S, Malik A, Singh N, et al. Additive manufacturing technologies: Industrial and medical applications. Sustainable Operations and Computers. 2022;3. 137. Nadagouda MN, Ginn M, Rastogi V. A review of 3D printing techniques for environmental applications. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. 2020;28:173-8. 138. Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B. Additive Manufacturing Technologies: 3D Printing, Rapid Prototyping, and Direct Digital Manufacturing: Springer New York; 2014. 139. He J, Xia P, Li D. Development of melt electrohydrodynamic 3D printing for complex microscale poly (ε-caprolactone) scaffolds. Biofabrication. 2016;8(3):035008. 140. Hassanin H, Modica F, El-Sayed MA, et al. Manufacturing of Ti–6Al–4V Micro-Implantable Parts Using Hybrid Selective Laser Melting and Micro-Electrical Discharge Machining. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2016;18(9):1544-9. 141. Cheng K, Xiong W, Li Y, et al. In-situ deposition of three-dimensional graphene on selective laser melted copper scaffolds for high performance applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2020;135:105904. 142. Lam CXF, Mo XM, Teoh SH, et al. Scaffold development using 3D printing with a starch-based polymer. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2002;20(1):49-56. 143. Zeltinger J, Sherwood JK, Graham DA, et al. Effect of Pore Size and Void Fraction on Cellular Adhesion, Proliferation, and Matrix Deposition. Tissue Engineering. 2001;7(5):557-72. 144. Therriault D, White SR, Lewis JA. Chaotic mixing in three-dimensional microvascular networks fabricated by direct-write assembly. Nat Mater. 2003;2(4):265-71. 145. Do A-V, Smith R, Acri TM, et al. 9 - 3D printing technologies for 3D scaffold engineering. In: Deng Y, Kuiper J, editors. Functional 3D Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: Woodhead Publishing; 2018. p. 203-34. 146. Xiong Z, Yan Y, Wang S, et al. Fabrication of porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering via low-temperature deposition. Scripta Materialia. 2002;46(11):771-6. 147. Yan Y, Xiong Z, Hu Y, et al. Layered manufacturing of tissue engineering scaffolds via multi-nozzle deposition. Materials Letters. 2003;57(18):2623-8. 148. Vozzi G, Previti A, De Rossi D, et al. Microsyringe-Based Deposition of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Polymer Scaffolds with a Well-Defined Geometry for Application to Tissue Engineering. Tissue Engineering. 2002;8(6):1089-98. 149. Landers R, Mülhaupt R. Desktop manufacturing of complex objects, prototypes and biomedical scaffolds by means of computer‐assisted design combined with computer‐guided 3D plotting of polymers and reactive oligomers. Macromol Mater Eng. 2000;282(1):17-21. 150. An J, Teoh JEM, Suntornnond R, et al. Design and 3D Printing of Scaffolds and Tissues. Engineering. 2015;1(2):261-8. 151. Woodfield TBF, Malda J, de Wijn J, et al. Design of porous scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering using a three-dimensional fiber-deposition technique. Biomaterials. 2004;25(18):4149-61. 152. Wang F, Shor L, Darling A, et al., editors. Precision Extruding Deposition and Characterization of Cellular Poly-e-Caprolactone Tissue Scaffolds 573. 2003 International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium; 2003. 153. Tan KH, Chua CK, Leong KF, et al. Scaffold development using selective laser sintering of polyetheretherketone–hydroxyapatite biocomposite blends. Biomaterials. 2003;24(18):3115-23. 154. Wang D, Wang Y, Wu S, et al. Customized a Ti6Al4V bone plate for complex pelvic fracture by selective laser melting. Materials. 2017;10(1):35. 155. Turnbull G, Clarke J, Picard F, et al. 3D bioactive composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Bioact Mater. 2018;3(3):278-314. 156. Chu TMG, Halloran JW, Hollister SJ, et al. Hydroxyapatite implants with designed internal architecture. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2001;12(6):471-8. 157. Bittner SM, Guo JL, Melchiorri A, et al. Three-dimensional printing of multilayered tissue engineering scaffolds. Materials Today. 2018;21(8):861-74. |
---|