Exercise training and resting blood pressure: a large-scale pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Journal article

Edwards, J., Deenmamode, A.H.P., Griffiths, M., Arnold, O., Cooper, N.J., Wiles, J. and O'Driscoll, J. 2023. Exercise training and resting blood pressure: a large-scale pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-106503
AuthorsEdwards, J., Deenmamode, A.H.P., Griffiths, M., Arnold, O., Cooper, N.J., Wiles, J. and O'Driscoll, J.
Abstract

Objective: To perform a large-scale pairwise and network meta-analysis on the effects of all relevant exercise training modes on resting blood pressure to establish optimal anti-hypertensive exercise prescription practices.

Design: Systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Data sources: PubMed (MEDLINE), the Cochrane library and Web of Science were systematically searched.

Eligibility criteria: Randomised controlled trials published between 1990 and February 2023. All relevant work reporting systolic blood pressure (sBP) and/or diastolic (dBP) reductions following an exercise intervention ≥2 weeks with an eligible non-intervention control group were included.

Results: 270 randomised controlled trials were ultimately included in the final analysis, with a pooled sample size of 15,827 participants. Pairwise analyses demonstrated significant reductions in resting sBP and dBP following aerobic exercise training (-4.49/-2.53mmHg, P<0.001), dynamic resistance training (-4.55/-3.04mmHg, P<0.001), combined training (-6.04/-2.54mmHg, P<0.001), high intensity interval training (-4.08/-2.50mmHg, P<0.001) and isometric exercise training (-8.24/-4.00mmHg, P<0.001). As evidenced in the network meta-analysis, the rank order of effectiveness based on the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values for sBP were isometric exercise training (SUCRA: 98.3%), combined training (75.7%), dynamic resistance training (46.1%), aerobic exercise training (40.5%) and high intensity interval training (39.4%). Secondary network meta-analyses revealed isometric wall squat and running as the most effective sub-modes for reducing sBP (90.4%) and dBP (91.3%) respectively.

Conclusion: Various exercise training modes improve resting blood pressure, particularly isometric exercise. The results of this analysis should inform future exercise guideline recommendations for the prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension.

KeywordsExercise training mode; Blood pressure; Hypertension
Year2023
JournalBritish Journal of Sports Medicine
PublisherBMJ Publishing Group
ISSN0306-3674
1473-0480
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-106503
Official URLhttps://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2023/07/02/bjsports-2022-106503
Publication dates
Print25 Jul 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted16 Jun 2023
Deposited26 Jul 2023
Accepted author manuscript
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Lea, J., O'Driscoll, J., Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2021. Validity and reliability of the ‘Isometric Exercise Scale’ (IES) for measuring ratings of perceived exertion during continuous isometric exercise. Scientific Reports. 11 (5334). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84803-8
Real-world performance and accuracy of stress echocardiography: the EVAREST observational multi-centre study
Woodward, W., Dockerill, Cameron, McCourt, Annabelle, Upton, Ross, O'Driscoll, Jamie, Balkhausen, Katrin, Chandrasekaran, Badrinathan, Firoozan, Soroosh, Kardos, Attila, Wong, Kenneth, Woodward, Gary, Sarwar, Rizwan, Sabharwal, N., Benedetto, Elena, Spagou, Nancy, Sharma, Rajan, Augustine, Daniel, Tsiachristas, Apostolos, Senior, R., Leeson, P., Boardman, Henry, d’Arcy, Joanna, Abraheem, Abraheem, Banypersad, Sanjay, Boos, Christopher, Bulugahapitiya, Sudantha, Butts, Jeremy, Coles, Duncan, Easaw, Jacob, Hamdan, Haytham, Jamil-Copley, Shahnaz, Kanaganayagam, Gajen, Mwambingu, Tom, Pantazis, Antonis, Papachristidis, Alexandros, Rajani, Ronak, Rasheed, Muhammad Amer, Razvi, Naveed A, Rekhraj, Sushma, Ripley, David P, Rose, Kathleen, Scheuermann-Freestone, Michaela, Schofield, Rebecca and Sultan, Ayyaz 2021. Real-world performance and accuracy of stress echocardiography: the EVAREST observational multi-centre study. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging. 23 (5), pp. 689-698. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeab092
Continuous cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic responses to isometric exercise in females
O'Driscoll, J., Boucher, C., Vilda, M., Taylor, K. and Wiles, J. 2020. Continuous cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic responses to isometric exercise in females. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04525-z
Ambulatory blood pressure adaptations to high-intensity interval training: a randomized controlled study
Edwards, J., Taylor, K.A., Cottam, C., Jalaludeen, N., Coleman, D.A., Wiles, J.D., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J.M. 2020. Ambulatory blood pressure adaptations to high-intensity interval training: a randomized controlled study. Journal of Hypertension. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002630
Centre of pressure, vertical ground reaction forces and neuromuscular responses of special-forces soldiers to 43km load carriage in the field
Scales, J., O'Driscoll, J., Coleman, D., Giannoglou, D, Gkougkoulis, I, Ntontis, I, Zisopoulou, C and Brown, M. 2020. Centre of pressure, vertical ground reaction forces and neuromuscular responses of special-forces soldiers to 43km load carriage in the field. Journal of Applied Biomechanics.
Left atrial mechanics and aortic stiffness following high intensity interval training: a randomised controlled study
Jalaludeen, N., Bull, S., Taylor, K. A., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Mukhtar, O., Cheriyan, J., Wilkinson, I.B., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2020. Left atrial mechanics and aortic stiffness following high intensity interval training: a randomised controlled study. European Journal of Applied Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04416-3
Left atrial mechanics and aortic stiffness following high intensity interval training: a randomised controlled study [Abstract]
Jalaludeen, N., Bull, S., Taylor, K. A., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Mukhtar, O., Cheriyan, J., Wilkinson, I.B., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2020. Left atrial mechanics and aortic stiffness following high intensity interval training: a randomised controlled study [Abstract]. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging. 21 (1). https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jez319.221
Differentiation between athlete’s heart and dilated cardiomyopathy in athletic individuals
Millar, L. M., Fanton, Z., Finnochiaro, G., Sanchez-Fernandez, G., Dhutia, H., Malhotra, A., Merghani, A., Papadakis, M., Behr, E. R., Bunce, N., Oxborough, D., Reed, M., O'Driscoll, J., Tome Esteban, M. T., D'Silva, A., Carr-White, G., Sharma, R. and Sharma, S. 2020. Differentiation between athlete’s heart and dilated cardiomyopathy in athletic individuals. Heart. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2019-316147
The impact of demographic, anthropometric and athletic characteristics on left atrial size in athletes.
O'Driscoll, J. and Christou, G. 2020. The impact of demographic, anthropometric and athletic characteristics on left atrial size in athletes. Clinical Cardiology. 43 (8), pp. 834-842. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23368
Speckle tracking echocardiography: new ways of translational approaches in preeclampsia to detect cardiovascular dysfunction
Kraker, K., Schutte, T., O'Driscoll, J., Birukov, A., Patey, O., Herse, F., Muller, D.N., Thilaganathan, B., Haase, N. and Dechend, R. 2020. Speckle tracking echocardiography: new ways of translational approaches in preeclampsia to detect cardiovascular dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031162
Challenge and threat: a critical review of the literature and an alternative conceptualization
Uphill, M., Rossato, C., Swain, J. and O'Driscoll, J. 2019. Challenge and threat: a critical review of the literature and an alternative conceptualization. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01255
Cardiac structure and function after revascularization versus medical therapy for renal artery stenosis: the ASTRAL heart echocardiographic sub-study
Green, D., Vassallo, D., Handley, K., Ives, N., Wheatley, K., Chrysochou, C., Hegarty, J., Wright, J., Moss, J., Patel, R., Deighan, C., Webster, J., Rowe, P., Carr, S., Cross, J., O'Driscoll, J., Sharma, R., Mark, P. and Kalra, P. 2019. Cardiac structure and function after revascularization versus medical therapy for renal artery stenosis: the ASTRAL heart echocardiographic sub-study. BMC Nephrology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1406-y
Ensuring quality data: validity, reliability and error.
Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2019. Ensuring quality data: validity, reliability and error. in: Bird, S. (ed.) Research Methods in Physical Activity and Health London Routledge.
Characteristics of torque production of the lower limb are significantly altered after 2 hours of treadmill load carriage
Scales, J., Coleman, D., O'Driscoll, J. and Brown, M. 2018. Characteristics of torque production of the lower limb are significantly altered after 2 hours of treadmill load carriage. Translational Sports Medicine. 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.54
The impact of gestational diabetes on maternal cardiac adaptation to pregnancy.
Buddeberg, B.S., Sharma, R., O'Driscoll, J., Kaelin, A., Khalil, A. and Thilaganathan, B. 2019. The impact of gestational diabetes on maternal cardiac adaptation to pregnancy. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.21941
Statins Reverse Postpartum Cardiovascular Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia
Kräker, Kristin, O’Driscoll, Jamie M., Schütte, Till, Herse, Florian, Patey, Olga, Golic, Michaela, Geisberger, Sabrina, Verlohren, Stefan, Birukov, Anna, Heuser, Arnd, Müller, Dominik N., Thilaganathan, Basky, Dechend, Ralf and Haase, Nadine 2019. Statins Reverse Postpartum Cardiovascular Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia. Hypertension. 75 (1), pp. 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13219
Left ventricular function and cardiac biomarker release – the influence of exercise intensity, duration and mode: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Donaldson, J., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Papadakis, M., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2019. Left ventricular function and cardiac biomarker release – the influence of exercise intensity, duration and mode: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01142-5
Cardiac maladaptation in obese pregnancy at term
Buddeberg, B., Sharma, R., O'Driscoll, J., Kaelin Agten, A., Khalil, A. and Thilaganathan, B. 2018. Cardiac maladaptation in obese pregnancy at term. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.20170
A 4-week resistance training intervention improves stability, strength and neuromuscular activity in the lower limb: a case study of a cerebral palsy adult
McManus, A., Bembridge, M., Scales, J., Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and O'Driscoll, J. 2018. A 4-week resistance training intervention improves stability, strength and neuromuscular activity in the lower limb: a case study of a cerebral palsy adult. International Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2 (2), pp. 050-055.
Neurohumoral and ambulatory haemodynamic adaptations following isometric exercise training in unmedicated hypertensive patients
Taylor, K., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Leeson, P., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2018. Neurohumoral and ambulatory haemodynamic adaptations following isometric exercise training in unmedicated hypertensive patients. Journal of Hypertension. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001922
Cardiac autonomic and left ventricular mechanics following high intensity interval training: a randomised cross-over controlled study.
O'Driscoll, J., Wrigth, S., Taylor, K., Coleman, D., Sharma, R. and Wiles, J. 2018. Cardiac autonomic and left ventricular mechanics following high intensity interval training: a randomised cross-over controlled study. Journal of Applied Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00056.2018
Cardiac maladaptation in term pregnancies with preeclampsia
Buddeberg, B., Sharma, R., O'Driscoll, J., Kaelin Agten, A., Khalil, A. and Thilaganathan, B. 2018. Cardiac maladaptation in term pregnancies with preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertension. 13, pp. 198-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2018.06.015
Partial swing golf shots: scaled from full swing or independent technique?
Todd, S., Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and Brown, M. 2018. Partial swing golf shots: scaled from full swing or independent technique? Sports Biomechanics. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2018.1480727
The safety of isometric exercise: rethinking the exercise prescription paradigm for those with stage 1 hypertension.
Wiles, J., Taylor, K., Coleman, D., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2018. The safety of isometric exercise: rethinking the exercise prescription paradigm for those with stage 1 hypertension. Medicine. 97 (10). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000010105
An alternative approach to isometric exercise training prescription for cardiovascular health
Wiles, J., Goldring, N., O'Driscoll, J., Taylor, K. and Coleman, D. 2018. An alternative approach to isometric exercise training prescription for cardiovascular health. Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine. 3 (2), pp. 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1249/TJX.0000000000000052
The effects of acute carbohydrate and caffeine feeding strategies on cycling efficiency
Cole, M., Hopker, J., Wiles, J. and Coleman, D. 2017. The effects of acute carbohydrate and caffeine feeding strategies on cycling efficiency. Journal of Sports Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1343956
Baseline mitral regurgitation predicts outcome in patients referred for dobutamine stress echocardiography
O'Driscoll, J., Gargallo-Fernandez, P., Araco, M., Perez-Lopez, M. and Sharma, R. 2017. Baseline mitral regurgitation predicts outcome in patients referred for dobutamine stress echocardiography. International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-017-1163-6
Blood pressure responses to isometric exercise: safety considerations for exercise prescription
Wiles, J., Taylor, K., Coleman, D., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2017. Blood pressure responses to isometric exercise: safety considerations for exercise prescription.
Ambulatory blood pressure responses to home-based isometric exercise training in pre-hypertensive males
Taylor, K., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2017. Ambulatory blood pressure responses to home-based isometric exercise training in pre-hypertensive males.
Cardiac autonomic modulation and high intensity interval training in physically inactive men
O'Driscoll, J., Wright, S., Taylor, K., Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2017. Cardiac autonomic modulation and high intensity interval training in physically inactive men.
A higher effort-based paradigm in physical activity and exercise for public health: making the case for a greater emphasis on resistance training
Steele, J., Fisher, J., Skivington, M., Dunn, C., Arnold, J., Tew, G., Batterham, A., Nunan, D., O'Driscoll, J., Mann, S., Beedie, C., Jobson, S., Smith, D., Vigotsky, A., Phillips, S., Estabrooks, P. and Winett, R. 2017. A higher effort-based paradigm in physical activity and exercise for public health: making the case for a greater emphasis on resistance training. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4209-8
Continuous cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic responses to isometric exercise in pre-hypertensive males
Taylor, K., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2017. Continuous cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic responses to isometric exercise in pre-hypertensive males. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (MSSE). https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001271
Acute cardiac functional and mechanical responses to isometric exercise in pre-hypertensive males
O'Driscoll, J., Taylor, K., Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and Sharma, R. 2017. Acute cardiac functional and mechanical responses to isometric exercise in pre-hypertensive males. Physiological Reports. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13236
Body mass index mortality paradox in chronic kidney disease patients with suspected cardiac chest pain
O'Driscoll, J., Slee, A. and Sharma, R. 2017. Body mass index mortality paradox in chronic kidney disease patients with suspected cardiac chest pain. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle Clinical Reports. 2 (1).
Strongman training – Needs analysis and integration into strength and conditioning programming: part 2.
McManus, A., O'Driscoll, J., Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2016. Strongman training – Needs analysis and integration into strength and conditioning programming: part 2. Professional Strength & Conditioning. 44, pp. 7-15.
Strongman training – a rationale for its inclusion in strength & conditioning: part 1
McManus, A., Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and O'Driscoll, J. 2016. Strongman training – a rationale for its inclusion in strength & conditioning: part 1. Professional Strength & Conditioning. 43, pp. 7-18.
Home-based isometric exercise training induced reductions resting blood pressure
Wiles, J., Goldring, N. and Coleman, D. 2016. Home-based isometric exercise training induced reductions resting blood pressure. European Journal of Applied Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3501-0
Acute cardiac autonomic responses to an incremental isometric exercise test in pre-hypertensive males
Taylor, K., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2016. Acute cardiac autonomic responses to an incremental isometric exercise test in pre-hypertensive males.
Immediate post-isometric exercise cardiovascular responses are associated with training-induced resting systolicblood pressure reductions
Wiles, J., Devereux, G. and Howden, R. 2015. Immediate post-isometric exercise cardiovascular responses are associated with training-induced resting systolicblood pressure reductions. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 115 (2), pp. 327-333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3021-8
Transthoracic echocardiography provides important long-term prognostic information in selected patients undergoing endovascular abdominal aortic repair
O'Driscoll, J., Bahia, S., Gravina, A., Di Fino, S., Thompson, M., Karthikesalingam, A., Holt, P. and Sharma, R. 2016. Transthoracic echocardiography provides important long-term prognostic information in selected patients undergoing endovascular abdominal aortic repair. Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003557
Reverse left ventricular remodelling - effect of cardiac rehabilitation exercise training in myocardial infarction patients with preserved ejection fraction
McGregor, G., Gaze, D., Oxborough, D., O'Driscoll, J. and Shave, R. 2015. Reverse left ventricular remodelling - effect of cardiac rehabilitation exercise training in myocardial infarction patients with preserved ejection fraction. European Journal of Physcial and Rehabilitation Medicine. 52 (3), pp. 370-378.
The prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography amongst British Indian Asian and Afro-Caribbean patients: a comparison with European white patients
O'Driscoll, J., Rossato, C., Gargallo-Fernandez, P., Araco, M., Giannoglou, D., Sharma, S. and Sharma, R. 2015. The prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography amongst British Indian Asian and Afro-Caribbean patients: a comparison with European white patients. Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 13 (36). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12947-015-0028-1
Non-invasive assessment of the autonomic nervous system
O'Driscoll, J. and Sharma, R. 2015. Non-invasive assessment of the autonomic nervous system. International Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis. 3 (3), pp. 85-91.
Differing autonomic responses to dobutamine stress in the presence and absence of myocardial ischaemia
Sharma, R., O'Driscoll, J., Saha, A., Sritharan, M., Sutton, R. and Rosen, S. 2015. Differing autonomic responses to dobutamine stress in the presence and absence of myocardial ischaemia. The Journal of Physiology. 593 (9), pp. 2171-2184. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP270063
The safety and clinical usefulness of dobutamine stress echocardiography among octogenarians
O'Driscoll, J., Marciniak, A., Ray, K., Schmid, K., Smith, R. and Sharma, R. 2014. The safety and clinical usefulness of dobutamine stress echocardiography among octogenarians. Heart. 2014 (100), pp. 1001-1007. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305229
The implementation of problem based learning styles to teach the Coach-Athlete relationship to undergraduate Sport and Exercise Science students
Rossato, C. and O'Driscoll, J. 2013. The implementation of problem based learning styles to teach the Coach-Athlete relationship to undergraduate Sport and Exercise Science students. International Journal of Sport Studies. 3, pp. 859-864.
Resting blood pressure reductions following isometric leg exercise training are associated with improved flow-mediated vasodilatation
Howland, L., Wiles, J. and Coleman, D. 2014. Resting blood pressure reductions following isometric leg exercise training are associated with improved flow-mediated vasodilatation.
Improved gross efficiency during long duration submaximal cycling following a short-term high carbohydrate diet
Cole, M., Coleman, D., Hopker, J. and Wiles, J. 2014. Improved gross efficiency during long duration submaximal cycling following a short-term high carbohydrate diet. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 35 (3), pp. 265-269. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1348254
The influence of ageing and training status on exercise efficiency and cycling performance
Hopker, J., Coleman, D., Jobson, S., Von der Haar, T., Wiles, J. and Passfield, L. 2013. The influence of ageing and training status on exercise efficiency and cycling performance.
Reductions in resting blood pressure after isometric exercise training are not related to shear stress
Smith, J., Wiles, J., Swaine, I. and Coleman, D. 2013. Reductions in resting blood pressure after isometric exercise training are not related to shear stress.
Effect of acute isometric bilateral leg extension exercise on brachial and common femoral artery flow-mediated dilatation
Howland, L., Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and Swaine, I. 2013. Effect of acute isometric bilateral leg extension exercise on brachial and common femoral artery flow-mediated dilatation.
The effect of exercise-induced hypohydration upon treadmill running performance
Baker, D., Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2013. The effect of exercise-induced hypohydration upon treadmill running performance.
Carbohydrate ingestion improves gross cycling efficiency and subsequent time-trial performance
Cole, M., Hopker, J., Wiles, J. and Coleman, D. 2013. Carbohydrate ingestion improves gross cycling efficiency and subsequent time-trial performance.
The effects of isometric wall squat exercise on heart rate and blood pressure in a normotensive population
Goldring, N., Wiles, J. and Coleman, D. 2013. The effects of isometric wall squat exercise on heart rate and blood pressure in a normotensive population. Journal of Sports Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.809471
The influence of training status, age, and muscle fibre type on cycling efficiency and endurance performance
Hopker, J., Coleman, D., Gregson, H., Jobson, S., Von der Haar, T., Wiles, J. and Passfield, L. 2013. The influence of training status, age, and muscle fibre type on cycling efficiency and endurance performance. Journal of Applied Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00361.2013
The reliability of responses to repeated laboratory assessment: the evaluation of a preload-performance protocol in runners
Baker, D., Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2011. The reliability of responses to repeated laboratory assessment: the evaluation of a preload-performance protocol in runners.
Change in lactate accumulation after isometric exercise training and its relationship with reduced resting blood pressure
Swaine, I., Devereux, G., Wiles, J. and Coleman, D. 2011. Change in lactate accumulation after isometric exercise training and its relationship with reduced resting blood pressure.
Rapid loss of isometric training-induced reductions in resting blood pressure
Wiles, J., Devereux, G., Coleman, D. and Swaine, I. 2011. Rapid loss of isometric training-induced reductions in resting blood pressure.
Change in the immediate post-exercise blood pressure response after isometric exercise training and its relationship with reduced resting blood pressure
Wiles, J., Swaine, I., Howden, R., McCartney, N. and Coleman, D. 2011. Change in the immediate post-exercise blood pressure response after isometric exercise training and its relationship with reduced resting blood pressure.
Change in shear rate in the common femoral upon cessation of leg isometric exercise at increasing intensities
Swaine, I., Smith, J. and Wiles, J. 2012. Change in shear rate in the common femoral upon cessation of leg isometric exercise at increasing intensities.
Cardio-pulmonary responses to whole-body simulated swimming using a novel swimming training machine
Swaine, I., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Hunter, A. and Carlton, K. 2010. Cardio-pulmonary responses to whole-body simulated swimming using a novel swimming training machine.
Lactate accumulation following isometric exercise training and its relationship with reduced resting blood pressure
Devereux, G., Coleman, D., Wiles, J. and Swaine, I. 2012. Lactate accumulation following isometric exercise training and its relationship with reduced resting blood pressure. Journal of Sports Sciences. 30 (11), pp. 1141-1148. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.692482
Markers of isometric training intensity and their relationship with training-induced reductions in resting blood pressure
Devereux, G., Wiles, J. and Swaine, I. 2011. Markers of isometric training intensity and their relationship with training-induced reductions in resting blood pressure. Journal of Sports Sciences. 29 (7), pp. 715-724. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.552113
The relationship between indices of fatigue and femoral artery post exercise hyperaemia after double-leg isometric exercise at increasing intensities
Smith, J., Wiles, J., Swaine, I. and Coleman, D. 2012. The relationship between indices of fatigue and femoral artery post exercise hyperaemia after double-leg isometric exercise at increasing intensities.
The effects of four weeks home-based isometric exercise training on resting blood pressure
Goldring, N., Wiles, J. and Coleman, D. 2012. The effects of four weeks home-based isometric exercise training on resting blood pressure.
The effects of isometric wall squat exercise on heart rate and blood pressure in a normotensive population
Goldring, N., Wiles, J. and Coleman, D. 2010. The effects of isometric wall squat exercise on heart rate and blood pressure in a normotensive population.
The influence of nutritional interventions on the measurement of gross efficiency during cycling
Cole, M., Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2012. The influence of nutritional interventions on the measurement of gross efficiency during cycling.
The effect of short-term dietary manipulation on gross efficiency during cycling
Cole, M., Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2011. The effect of short-term dietary manipulation on gross efficiency during cycling.
Effects of the intensity of leg isometric training on the vasculature of trained and untrained limbs and resting blood pressure in middle-aged men
Baross, A., Wiles, J. and Swaine, I. 2012. Effects of the intensity of leg isometric training on the vasculature of trained and untrained limbs and resting blood pressure in middle-aged men. International Journal of Vascular Medicine. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/964697
The relationship between EMG and either heart rate or blood pressure during a single-leg incremental isometric exercise test
Swaine, I., Baross, T., Kay, T. and Wiles, J. 2009. The relationship between EMG and either heart rate or blood pressure during a single-leg incremental isometric exercise test.
Can 4 weeks of isometric exercise lower resting blood pressure in young, healthy, active men?
Swaine, I., Devereux, G. and Wiles, J. 2009. Can 4 weeks of isometric exercise lower resting blood pressure in young, healthy, active men?
Effect of isometric exercise training on resting blood pressure: A meta-analysis of controlled trials
Swaine, I., Owen, A. and Wiles, J. 2009. Effect of isometric exercise training on resting blood pressure: A meta-analysis of controlled trials.
Effects of physical activity, performed in accordance with the current recommendations, on CVD risk factors in 40-65 year old men
Perkins, G., Owen, A., Kearney, E., Wiles, J. and Swaine, I. 2007. Effects of physical activity, performed in accordance with the current recommendations, on CVD risk factors in 40-65 year old men.
Differing autonomic responses to dobutamine stress in the presence and absence of myocardial ischaemia
Sharma, R., O'Driscoll, J., Bromley, P., Sritharan, M. and Rosen, S. 2008. Differing autonomic responses to dobutamine stress in the presence and absence of myocardial ischaemia.
Dobutamine stress echocardiography accurately detects significant coronary artery disease in Indian Asians living in the United Kingdom
Itam, S., O'Driscoll, J., Milad, E. and Sharma, R. 2008. Dobutamine stress echocardiography accurately detects significant coronary artery disease in Indian Asians living in the United Kingdom.
The effects of a high-protein, paleolithic-type diet on body composition and exercise performance in amateur mixed martial artists
Slee, A., O'Driscoll, J., Burnet, S., Hughes, G. and Chen, M. 2009. The effects of a high-protein, paleolithic-type diet on body composition and exercise performance in amateur mixed martial artists.
Subjective global assessment is an independent predictor of cardiac ischaemia in patients with mild chronic kidney disease
Aldous, G., Sharma, R., O'Driscoll, J., Ashby, D., Tarn, F. and Choi, P. 2010. Subjective global assessment is an independent predictor of cardiac ischaemia in patients with mild chronic kidney disease.
A National Health Service hospital's cardiac rehabilitation programme: a qualitative analysis of provision
O'Driscoll, J., Shave, R. and Cushion, C. 2007. A National Health Service hospital's cardiac rehabilitation programme: a qualitative analysis of provision. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 16 (10), pp. 1908-1918. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01815.x
Inequalities in the training and implementation of cardiac rehabilitation in the United Kingdom
O'Driscoll, J. and Sharma, R. 2009. Inequalities in the training and implementation of cardiac rehabilitation in the United Kingdom. in: Bennington, E. (ed.) Horizons in World Cardiovascular Research Hauppauge, New York Nova Science Publishers.
Effect of caffeinated coffee on running speed, respiratory factors, blood lactate and perceived exertion during 1500-m treadmill running
Wiles, J., Bird, S., Hopkins, J. and Riley, M. 1992. Effect of caffeinated coffee on running speed, respiratory factors, blood lactate and perceived exertion during 1500-m treadmill running. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 26 (2), pp. 116-120. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.26.2.116
Effect of pre-exercise protein ingestion upon VO2, R and perceived exertion during treadmill running
Wiles, J., Woodward, R. and Bird, S. 1991. Effect of pre-exercise protein ingestion upon VO2, R and perceived exertion during treadmill running. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 25 (1), pp. 26-30. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.25.1.26
Effectiveness of two glycerol ingestion strategies on 40-km cycling time trial performance
Brickell, L., Balmer, J., Theakston, S., Wiles, J. and Bird, S. 2001. Effectiveness of two glycerol ingestion strategies on 40-km cycling time trial performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. 20 (1), pp. 46-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102317126164
We can work it out
Morrissey, M. and Wiles, J. 2001. We can work it out. Nursing Times. 97 (47), pp. 34-36.
Effects of isometric exercise training intensity upon reductions in resting systolic blood pressure
Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and Swaine, I. 2008. Effects of isometric exercise training intensity upon reductions in resting systolic blood pressure.
A novel method for the performance of isometric exercise in the home
Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Dunford, M. and Swaine, I. 2004. A novel method for the performance of isometric exercise in the home.
The precision with which isometric exercise training can be performed according to a given heart rate
Swaine, I., Wiles, J. and Coleman, D. 2008. The precision with which isometric exercise training can be performed according to a given heart rate.
Effects of three types of isometric leg exercise at the same relative exercise intensities on blood pressure
Swaine, I., Wiles, J., Dunford, M. and Coleman, D. 2004. Effects of three types of isometric leg exercise at the same relative exercise intensities on blood pressure.
The freely chosen contribution of the leg kick to the total power during simulated front crawl swimming on a onland ergometer
Swaine, I., Dunford, M., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Hunter, A. and Carlton, K. 2006. The freely chosen contribution of the leg kick to the total power during simulated front crawl swimming on a onland ergometer.
The relationship between selected cardiovascular variables and exercise intensity during continuous and discontinuous incremental exercise tests
Allum, S., Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and Swaine, I. 2006. The relationship between selected cardiovascular variables and exercise intensity during continuous and discontinuous incremental exercise tests.
Familiarisation and reliability of sprint test indices during laboratory and field assessment
Hopker, J., Coleman, D., Wiles, J. and Galbraith, A. 2009. Familiarisation and reliability of sprint test indices during laboratory and field assessment. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 8 (4), pp. 528-532.
Occurrence of injury during officer safety training at Kent Police
Andrew, J., Henry, T., Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2009. Occurrence of injury during officer safety training at Kent Police. The Police Journal. 82 (3), pp. 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1350/pojo.2009.82.3.455
The effects of performing isometric training at two exercise intensities in healthy young males
Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and Swaine, I. 2010. The effects of performing isometric training at two exercise intensities in healthy young males. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 108 (3), pp. 419-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1025-6
The effect of training volume and intensity on competitive cyclists’ efficiency
Hopker, J., Coleman, D., Passfield, L. and Wiles, J. 2010. The effect of training volume and intensity on competitive cyclists’ efficiency. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 35 (1), pp. 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1139/H09-124
Reductions in resting blood pressure after 4 weeks of isometric exercise training
Devereux, G., Wiles, J. and Swaine, I. 2010. Reductions in resting blood pressure after 4 weeks of isometric exercise training. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 109 (4), pp. 601-606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1394-x
Effect of isometric exercise on resting blood pressure: a meta analysis
Owen, A., Wiles, J. and Swaine, I. 2010. Effect of isometric exercise on resting blood pressure: a meta analysis. Journal of Human Hypertension. 24 (12), pp. 796-800. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2010.13
Reproducibility of limb power outputs and cardiopulmonary responses to exercise using a novel swimming training machine
Swaine, I., Hunter, A., Carlton, K., Wiles, J. and Coleman, D. 2010. Reproducibility of limb power outputs and cardiopulmonary responses to exercise using a novel swimming training machine. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 31 (12), pp. 854-859. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1265175
The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on 1500-m racing time
Bird, S., Wiles, J. and Robbins, J. 1995. The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on 1500-m racing time. Journal of Sports Sciences. 13 (5), pp. 399-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419508732255
Validity and reliability of the Ergomopro Powermeter
Kirkland, A., Coleman, D., Wiles, J. and Hopker, J. 2008. Validity and reliability of the Ergomopro Powermeter. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 29 (11), pp. 913-916. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038621
The relationships between exercise intensity, heart rate, and blood pressure during an incremental isometric exercise test
Wiles, J., Allum, S., Coleman, D. and Swaine, I. 2007. The relationships between exercise intensity, heart rate, and blood pressure during an incremental isometric exercise test. Journal of Sports Sciences. 26 (2), pp. 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701370655
A novel method for the performance of isometric exercise in the home
Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Dunford, M. and Swaine, I. 2005. A novel method for the performance of isometric exercise in the home. Journal of Sports Sciences. 23 (8), pp. 795-803. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021658
The effects of caffeine ingestion on performance time, speed and power during a laboratory-based 1 km cycling time-trial
Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Tegerdine, M. and Swaine, I. 2006. The effects of caffeine ingestion on performance time, speed and power during a laboratory-based 1 km cycling time-trial. Journal of Sports Sciences. 24 (11), pp. 1165-1171. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457687
Validity and reliability of a new isometric hand dynamometer
Wiles, J., Boyson, H., Balmer, J. and Bird, S. 2001. Validity and reliability of a new isometric hand dynamometer. Sports Engineering. 4 (3), pp. 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2687.2001.00080.x
Relationships between pulse wave velocity and heart rate variability in healthy men with a range of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels
Perkins, G., Owen, A., Swaine, I. and Wiles, J. 2006. Relationships between pulse wave velocity and heart rate variability in healthy men with a range of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 98 (5), pp. 516-523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0303-9
Differences in efficiency between trained and recreational cyclists
Hopker, J., Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2007. Differences in efficiency between trained and recreational cyclists. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 32 (6), pp. 1036-1042. https://doi.org/10.1139/H07-070
Reliability of sprint test indices in well-trained cyclists
Coleman, D., Wiles, J., Nunn, M. and Smith, M. 2005. Reliability of sprint test indices in well-trained cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 26 (5), pp. 383-387. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-821226
Power output measurement during treadmill cycling
Coleman, D., Wiles, J., Davison, R., Smith, M. and Swaine, I. 2007. Power output measurement during treadmill cycling. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 28 (6), pp. 525-530. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-955888