Challenge and threat: a critical review of the literature and an alternative conceptualization

Journal article


Uphill, M., Rossato, C., Swain, J. and O'Driscoll, J. 2019. Challenge and threat: a critical review of the literature and an alternative conceptualization. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01255
AuthorsUphill, M., Rossato, C., Swain, J. and O'Driscoll, J.
Abstract

In this article, the authors describe a new theory, the Evaluative Space Approach to Challenge and Threat (ESACT). Prompted by the Biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (BPS: Blascovich and Tomaka, 1996) and the development of the Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes (Jones et al., 2009), recent years have witnessed a considerable increase in research examining challenge and threat in sport. This manuscript provides a critical review of the literature examining challenge and threat in sport, tracing its historical development and some of the current empirical ambiguities. To reconcile some of these ambiguities, and utilizing neurobiological evidence associated with approach and avoidance motivation (c.f. Elliot and Covington, 2001), this paper draws upon the Evaluative Space Model (ESM; Cacioppo et al., 1997) and considers the implications for understanding challenge and threat in sport. For example, rather than see challenge and threat as opposite ends of a single bipolar continuum, the ESM implies that individuals could be (1) challenged, (2) threatened, (3) challenged and threatened, or (4) neither challenged or threatened by a particular stimulus. From this perspective, it could be argued that the appraisal of some sport situations as both challenging and threatening could be advantageous, whereas the current literature seems to imply that the appraisal of stress as a threat is maladaptive for performance. The ESACT provides several testable hypotheses for advancing understanding of challenge and threat (in sport) and we describe a number of measures that can be used to examine these hypotheses. In sum, this paper provides a significant theoretical, empirical, and practical contribution to our understanding of challenge and threat (in sport).

Year2019
JournalFrontiers in Psychology
ISSN1664-1078
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01255
Official URLhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01255/full
Publication dates
Print02 Jul 2019
Publication process dates
Deposited19 Jul 2019
Accepted13 May 2019
Output statusPublished
Additional information

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY).

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The impact of gestational diabetes on maternal cardiac adaptation to pregnancy.
Buddeberg, B.S., Sharma, R., O'Driscoll, J., Kaelin, A., Khalil, A. and Thilaganathan, B. 2019. The impact of gestational diabetes on maternal cardiac adaptation to pregnancy. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.21941
Statins Reverse Postpartum Cardiovascular Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia
Kräker, Kristin, O’Driscoll, Jamie M., Schütte, Till, Herse, Florian, Patey, Olga, Golic, Michaela, Geisberger, Sabrina, Verlohren, Stefan, Birukov, Anna, Heuser, Arnd, Müller, Dominik N., Thilaganathan, Basky, Dechend, Ralf and Haase, Nadine 2019. Statins Reverse Postpartum Cardiovascular Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia. Hypertension. 75 (1), pp. 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13219
Left ventricular function and cardiac biomarker release – the influence of exercise intensity, duration and mode: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Donaldson, J., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Papadakis, M., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2019. Left ventricular function and cardiac biomarker release – the influence of exercise intensity, duration and mode: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01142-5
Cardiac maladaptation in obese pregnancy at term
Buddeberg, B., Sharma, R., O'Driscoll, J., Kaelin Agten, A., Khalil, A. and Thilaganathan, B. 2018. Cardiac maladaptation in obese pregnancy at term. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.20170
A 4-week resistance training intervention improves stability, strength and neuromuscular activity in the lower limb: a case study of a cerebral palsy adult
McManus, A., Bembridge, M., Scales, J., Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and O'Driscoll, J. 2018. A 4-week resistance training intervention improves stability, strength and neuromuscular activity in the lower limb: a case study of a cerebral palsy adult. International Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2 (2), pp. 050-055.
Neurohumoral and ambulatory haemodynamic adaptations following isometric exercise training in unmedicated hypertensive patients
Taylor, K., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Leeson, P., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2018. Neurohumoral and ambulatory haemodynamic adaptations following isometric exercise training in unmedicated hypertensive patients. Journal of Hypertension. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001922
Cardiac autonomic and left ventricular mechanics following high intensity interval training: a randomised cross-over controlled study.
O'Driscoll, J., Wrigth, S., Taylor, K., Coleman, D., Sharma, R. and Wiles, J. 2018. Cardiac autonomic and left ventricular mechanics following high intensity interval training: a randomised cross-over controlled study. Journal of Applied Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00056.2018
Cardiac maladaptation in term pregnancies with preeclampsia
Buddeberg, B., Sharma, R., O'Driscoll, J., Kaelin Agten, A., Khalil, A. and Thilaganathan, B. 2018. Cardiac maladaptation in term pregnancies with preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertension. 13, pp. 198-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2018.06.015
The safety of isometric exercise: rethinking the exercise prescription paradigm for those with stage 1 hypertension.
Wiles, J., Taylor, K., Coleman, D., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2018. The safety of isometric exercise: rethinking the exercise prescription paradigm for those with stage 1 hypertension. Medicine. 97 (10). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000010105
An alternative approach to isometric exercise training prescription for cardiovascular health
Wiles, J., Goldring, N., O'Driscoll, J., Taylor, K. and Coleman, D. 2018. An alternative approach to isometric exercise training prescription for cardiovascular health. Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine. 3 (2), pp. 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1249/TJX.0000000000000052
Exploring the nature of counterfactual thinking and their perceived consequences in an elite sporting context: an interpretative phenomenological analysis
Marlow, J. and Uphill, M. 2017. Exploring the nature of counterfactual thinking and their perceived consequences in an elite sporting context: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. The Sport Psychologist. 31 (4), pp. 369-381. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0011
Baseline mitral regurgitation predicts outcome in patients referred for dobutamine stress echocardiography
O'Driscoll, J., Gargallo-Fernandez, P., Araco, M., Perez-Lopez, M. and Sharma, R. 2017. Baseline mitral regurgitation predicts outcome in patients referred for dobutamine stress echocardiography. International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-017-1163-6
Blood pressure responses to isometric exercise: safety considerations for exercise prescription
Wiles, J., Taylor, K., Coleman, D., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2017. Blood pressure responses to isometric exercise: safety considerations for exercise prescription.
Ambulatory blood pressure responses to home-based isometric exercise training in pre-hypertensive males
Taylor, K., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2017. Ambulatory blood pressure responses to home-based isometric exercise training in pre-hypertensive males.
Cardiac autonomic modulation and high intensity interval training in physically inactive men
O'Driscoll, J., Wright, S., Taylor, K., Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2017. Cardiac autonomic modulation and high intensity interval training in physically inactive men.
A higher effort-based paradigm in physical activity and exercise for public health: making the case for a greater emphasis on resistance training
Steele, J., Fisher, J., Skivington, M., Dunn, C., Arnold, J., Tew, G., Batterham, A., Nunan, D., O'Driscoll, J., Mann, S., Beedie, C., Jobson, S., Smith, D., Vigotsky, A., Phillips, S., Estabrooks, P. and Winett, R. 2017. A higher effort-based paradigm in physical activity and exercise for public health: making the case for a greater emphasis on resistance training. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4209-8
Continuous cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic responses to isometric exercise in pre-hypertensive males
Taylor, K., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2017. Continuous cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic responses to isometric exercise in pre-hypertensive males. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (MSSE). https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001271
Acute cardiac functional and mechanical responses to isometric exercise in pre-hypertensive males
O'Driscoll, J., Taylor, K., Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and Sharma, R. 2017. Acute cardiac functional and mechanical responses to isometric exercise in pre-hypertensive males. Physiological Reports. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13236
Body mass index mortality paradox in chronic kidney disease patients with suspected cardiac chest pain
O'Driscoll, J., Slee, A. and Sharma, R. 2017. Body mass index mortality paradox in chronic kidney disease patients with suspected cardiac chest pain. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle Clinical Reports. 2 (1).
Strongman training – Needs analysis and integration into strength and conditioning programming: part 2.
McManus, A., O'Driscoll, J., Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2016. Strongman training – Needs analysis and integration into strength and conditioning programming: part 2. Professional Strength & Conditioning. 44, pp. 7-15.
Strongman training – a rationale for its inclusion in strength & conditioning: part 1
McManus, A., Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and O'Driscoll, J. 2016. Strongman training – a rationale for its inclusion in strength & conditioning: part 1. Professional Strength & Conditioning. 43, pp. 7-18.
An investigation of athletes’ and coaches’ perceptions of mental ill-health in elite athletes
Biggin, I., Burns, J. and Uphill, M. 2017. An investigation of athletes’ and coaches’ perceptions of mental ill-health in elite athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology. 11 (2), pp. 126-147. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2016-0017
Vulnerability: ripples from reflections on mental toughness
Uphill, M. and Hemmings, B. 2016. Vulnerability: ripples from reflections on mental toughness. The Sport Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2016-0034
Acute cardiac autonomic responses to an incremental isometric exercise test in pre-hypertensive males
Taylor, K., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Sharma, R. and O'Driscoll, J. 2016. Acute cardiac autonomic responses to an incremental isometric exercise test in pre-hypertensive males.
An exploration of Keyes’ two-continuum model of mental health in athletes: resilience, mental illness and performance
Uphill, M., Sly, D. and Swain, J. 2016. An exploration of Keyes’ two-continuum model of mental health in athletes: resilience, mental illness and performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 38, pp. S266-S267.
The development and preliminary validation of the Challenge and Threat in Sport (CAT-Sport) Scale
Rossato, C., Uphill, M., Swain, J. and Coleman, D. 2016. The development and preliminary validation of the Challenge and Threat in Sport (CAT-Sport) Scale. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1182571
Transthoracic echocardiography provides important long-term prognostic information in selected patients undergoing endovascular abdominal aortic repair
O'Driscoll, J., Bahia, S., Gravina, A., Di Fino, S., Thompson, M., Karthikesalingam, A., Holt, P. and Sharma, R. 2016. Transthoracic echocardiography provides important long-term prognostic information in selected patients undergoing endovascular abdominal aortic repair. Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003557
Reverse left ventricular remodelling - effect of cardiac rehabilitation exercise training in myocardial infarction patients with preserved ejection fraction
McGregor, G., Gaze, D., Oxborough, D., O'Driscoll, J. and Shave, R. 2015. Reverse left ventricular remodelling - effect of cardiac rehabilitation exercise training in myocardial infarction patients with preserved ejection fraction. European Journal of Physcial and Rehabilitation Medicine. 52 (3), pp. 370-378.
"Hero Imagery" - Are there performance advantages associated with imagining yourself as your favourite athlete?
Uphill, M., Balsdon, A., Brown, M., Digby-Bowl, C., Southam, M. and Swain, J. 2015. "Hero Imagery" - Are there performance advantages associated with imagining yourself as your favourite athlete?
From mental health to mental wealth in athletes: looking back and moving forward.
Uphill, M., Sly, D. and Swain, J. 2016. From mental health to mental wealth in athletes: looking back and moving forward. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00935
Examining the effectiveness of the theory of planned behaviour in explaining exercise intention and behaviour during pregnancy: a meta-analysis
De Vivo, M., Hulbert, S., Mills, H. and Uphill, M. 2016. Examining the effectiveness of the theory of planned behaviour in explaining exercise intention and behaviour during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2015.1118022
The prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography amongst British Indian Asian and Afro-Caribbean patients: a comparison with European white patients
O'Driscoll, J., Rossato, C., Gargallo-Fernandez, P., Araco, M., Giannoglou, D., Sharma, S. and Sharma, R. 2015. The prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography amongst British Indian Asian and Afro-Caribbean patients: a comparison with European white patients. Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 13 (36). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12947-015-0028-1
Non-invasive assessment of the autonomic nervous system
O'Driscoll, J. and Sharma, R. 2015. Non-invasive assessment of the autonomic nervous system. International Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis. 3 (3), pp. 85-91.
Differing autonomic responses to dobutamine stress in the presence and absence of myocardial ischaemia
Sharma, R., O'Driscoll, J., Saha, A., Sritharan, M., Sutton, R. and Rosen, S. 2015. Differing autonomic responses to dobutamine stress in the presence and absence of myocardial ischaemia. The Journal of Physiology. 593 (9), pp. 2171-2184. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP270063
The safety and clinical usefulness of dobutamine stress echocardiography among octogenarians
O'Driscoll, J., Marciniak, A., Ray, K., Schmid, K., Smith, R. and Sharma, R. 2014. The safety and clinical usefulness of dobutamine stress echocardiography among octogenarians. Heart. 2014 (100), pp. 1001-1007. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305229
The implementation of problem based learning styles to teach the Coach-Athlete relationship to undergraduate Sport and Exercise Science students
Rossato, C. and O'Driscoll, J. 2013. The implementation of problem based learning styles to teach the Coach-Athlete relationship to undergraduate Sport and Exercise Science students. International Journal of Sport Studies. 3, pp. 859-864.
Behaviour change: Physical (in)activity
Uphill, M. 2014. Behaviour change: Physical (in)activity. The British Psychological Society.
“I could have gone off much harder”. Post-race counterfactual thinking in indoor rowers.
Dray, K., Uphill, M., Mills, H. and Southam, M. 2015. “I could have gone off much harder”. Post-race counterfactual thinking in indoor rowers.
Towards the validation of a measure of challenge and threat in sport
Rossato, C., Uphill, M., Coleman, D. and Swain, J. 2013. Towards the validation of a measure of challenge and threat in sport.
Reflection on the DSEP Conference 2013: The paradoxical effects of vulnerability
Uphill, M. 2014. Reflection on the DSEP Conference 2013: The paradoxical effects of vulnerability. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review. 10 (2), pp. 42-44.
Examining the effectiveness of the Theory of Planned Behaviour in predicting exercise intention and behaviour during pregnancy: Preliminary findings from a random effects meta-analysis
De Vivo, M., Hulbert, S., Mills, H. and Uphill, M. 2014. Examining the effectiveness of the Theory of Planned Behaviour in predicting exercise intention and behaviour during pregnancy: Preliminary findings from a random effects meta-analysis.
The thrill of defeat and the agony of victory: towards an understanding and transformation of athletes’ emotional experience
Uphill, M. and Dray, K. 2013. The thrill of defeat and the agony of victory: towards an understanding and transformation of athletes’ emotional experience. Reflective Practice. 14 (5), pp. 660-671. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2013.835720
The BASES expert statement on emotion regulation in sport
Lane, A., Beedie, C., Jones, M., Uphill, M. and Devonport, T. 2012. The BASES expert statement on emotion regulation in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences. 30 (11), pp. 1189-1195. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.693621
Emotion regulation questionnaire for use with athletes
Uphill, M., Lane, A. and Jones, M. 2012. Emotion regulation questionnaire for use with athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 13 (6), pp. 761-770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.05.001
The influence of in-game emotions on basketball performance
Uphill, M., Groom, R. and Jones, M. 2012. The influence of in-game emotions on basketball performance. European Journal of Sport Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.729088
The consequences and control of emotions in elite athletes
Uphill, M. and Jones, M. 2011. The consequences and control of emotions in elite athletes. in: Thatcher, J., Jones, M. and Lavallee, D. (ed.) Coping and Emotion in Sport London Routledge. pp. 213-235
Emotion in sport: antecedents and performance consequences
Jones, M. and Uphill, M. 2011. Emotion in sport: antecedents and performance consequences. in: Thatcher, J., Jones, M. and Lavallee, D. (ed.) Coping and Emotion in Sport London Routledge. pp. 33-61
The BASES expert statement on emotion regulation in sport: produced on behalf of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences
Lane, A., Beedie, C., Jones, M., Uphill, M. and Devenport, T. 2011. The BASES expert statement on emotion regulation in sport: produced on behalf of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. The Sport and Exercise Scientist. 29, pp. 14-15.
Reflecting on reflections: the role of ‘what might have been’
Dray, K. and Uphill, M. 2012. Reflecting on reflections: the role of ‘what might have been’. The Sport and Exercise Scientist. 33, pp. 9-10.
Emotional intelligence: associations with emotions, emotion regulation and rowing performance
Uphill, M. and Mills, H. 2011. Emotional intelligence: associations with emotions, emotion regulation and rowing performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 45 (15). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090606.36
Building Bridges - An innovative tool to capture small health behaviour changes; the development process
Mills, H., Uphill, M. and Weed, M. 2011. Building Bridges - An innovative tool to capture small health behaviour changes; the development process.
Counterfactuals: Contexts and consequences
Dray, K. and Uphill, M. 2009. Counterfactuals: Contexts and consequences.
Perfectionism, goal expectancies, and competitive performance in triathletes
Stoeber, J. and Uphill, M. 2007. Perfectionism, goal expectancies, and competitive performance in triathletes. in: Theodorakis, Y., Goudas, M. and Papaionnou, A. (ed.) 12th European Congress of Sport Psychology Book of Abstracts University of Thessaly. pp. 266
Elite athletes’ perceptions of the impact of emotions on performance: A qualitative study
Uphill, M. and Jones, M. 2007. Elite athletes’ perceptions of the impact of emotions on performance: A qualitative study. in: Theodorakis, Y., Goudas, M. and Papaionnou, A. (ed.) 12th European Congress of Sport Psychology Book of Abstracts University of Thessaly. pp. 223
Effect of emotions on working memory and game involvement in basketball players
Uphill, M., Groom, R. and Jones, M. 2007. Effect of emotions on working memory and game involvement in basketball players. in: Theodorakis, Y., Goudas, M. and Papaionnou, A. (ed.) 12th European Congress of Sport Psychology Book of Abstracts University of Thessaly. pp. 223
Does it matter how we reflect on interpersonal conflicts in sport?
Uphill, M. 2010. Does it matter how we reflect on interpersonal conflicts in sport?
Differing autonomic responses to dobutamine stress in the presence and absence of myocardial ischaemia
Sharma, R., O'Driscoll, J., Bromley, P., Sritharan, M. and Rosen, S. 2008. Differing autonomic responses to dobutamine stress in the presence and absence of myocardial ischaemia.
Dobutamine stress echocardiography accurately detects significant coronary artery disease in Indian Asians living in the United Kingdom
Itam, S., O'Driscoll, J., Milad, E. and Sharma, R. 2008. Dobutamine stress echocardiography accurately detects significant coronary artery disease in Indian Asians living in the United Kingdom.
The effects of a high-protein, paleolithic-type diet on body composition and exercise performance in amateur mixed martial artists
Slee, A., O'Driscoll, J., Burnet, S., Hughes, G. and Chen, M. 2009. The effects of a high-protein, paleolithic-type diet on body composition and exercise performance in amateur mixed martial artists.
Subjective global assessment is an independent predictor of cardiac ischaemia in patients with mild chronic kidney disease
Aldous, G., Sharma, R., O'Driscoll, J., Ashby, D., Tarn, F. and Choi, P. 2010. Subjective global assessment is an independent predictor of cardiac ischaemia in patients with mild chronic kidney disease.
A National Health Service hospital's cardiac rehabilitation programme: a qualitative analysis of provision
O'Driscoll, J., Shave, R. and Cushion, C. 2007. A National Health Service hospital's cardiac rehabilitation programme: a qualitative analysis of provision. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 16 (10), pp. 1908-1918. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01815.x
Inequalities in the training and implementation of cardiac rehabilitation in the United Kingdom
O'Driscoll, J. and Sharma, R. 2009. Inequalities in the training and implementation of cardiac rehabilitation in the United Kingdom. in: Bennington, E. (ed.) Horizons in World Cardiovascular Research Hauppauge, New York Nova Science Publishers.
Placebo effects of ergogenic aids in sports performance: experimental, psychometric and interview data
Beedie, C., Foad, A., Coleman, D. and Uphill, M. 2006. Placebo effects of ergogenic aids in sports performance: experimental, psychometric and interview data.
Coping with, and reducing the number of careless shots: a case study with a county golfer
Uphill, M. and Jones, M. 2005. Coping with, and reducing the number of careless shots: a case study with a county golfer. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review. 1 (2), pp. 14-22.
Anxiety in sport: should we be worried or excited?
Uphill, M. 2008. Anxiety in sport: should we be worried or excited? in: Lane, A. (ed.) Sport and Exercise Psychology London Hodder Education. pp. 35-52
Getting a grip on emotion regulation in sport: conceptual foundations and practical applications
Uphill, M., McCarthy, P. and Jones, M. 2009. Getting a grip on emotion regulation in sport: conceptual foundations and practical applications. in: Mellallieu, S. and Hanton, S. (ed.) Advances in Applied Sport Psychology Abingdon, UK Routledge. pp. 162-194
Giving yourself a good beating: appraisal, attribution, rumination, and counterfactual thinking
Uphill, M. and Dray, K. 2009. Giving yourself a good beating: appraisal, attribution, rumination, and counterfactual thinking. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 8 (CSSI 3), pp. 5-12.
A survey of athletes' counterfactual thinking: precursors, prevalence and consequences
Dray, K. and Uphill, M. 2009. A survey of athletes' counterfactual thinking: precursors, prevalence and consequences. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review. 5 (1), pp. 16-26.
Antecedents of emotions in elite athletes: a cognitive motivational relational theory perspective
Uphill, M. and Jones, M. 2007. Antecedents of emotions in elite athletes: a cognitive motivational relational theory perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 78 (2), pp. 79-89.
Responses to the competitive state anxiety inventory-2(d) by athletes in anxious and excited scenarios
Jones, M. and Uphill, M. 2004. Responses to the competitive state anxiety inventory-2(d) by athletes in anxious and excited scenarios. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 5 (2), pp. 201-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00054-7
Development and validation of the Sport Emotion Questionnaire
Jones, M., Lane, A., Bray, S., Uphill, M. and Catlin, J. 2005. Development and validation of the Sport Emotion Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 27 (4), pp. 407-431.
Predicting race performance in triathlon: the role of perfectionism, achievement goals, and personal goal setting
Stoeber, J., Uphill, M. and Hotham, S. 2009. Predicting race performance in triathlon: the role of perfectionism, achievement goals, and personal goal setting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 31 (2), pp. 211-245.
'When running is something you dread': a cognitive-behavioural intervention to assist a club runner regulate pre-competitive anxiety
Uphill, M. and Jones, M. 2007. 'When running is something you dread': a cognitive-behavioural intervention to assist a club runner regulate pre-competitive anxiety. in: Lane, A. (ed.) Mood and Human Performance: Conceptual, Measurement and Applied Issues New York Nova Science Publishers. pp. 271-295