Improved 1000-m running performance and pacing strategy with caffeine and placebo effect: a balanced placebo design study

Journal article

Hurst, P., Schiphof-Godart, l., Hettinga, F., Roelands, B. and Beedie, C. 2019. Improved 1000-m running performance and pacing strategy with caffeine and placebo effect: a balanced placebo design study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 15 (4), pp. 483-488. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0230

Publication dates
Authors	Hurst, P., Schiphof-Godart, l., Hettinga, F., Roelands, B. and Beedie, C.
Abstract	Purpose: To investigate the placebo effect of caffeine on pacing strategy and performance over 1000-m running time-trials using a balanced placebo design. Methods: Eleven well-trained male middle-distance athletes performed seven 1000-m time-trials (one familiarisation, two baseline and four experimental). Experimental trials consisted of the administration of four treatments: informed caffeine/received caffeine (CC), informed caffeine/received placebo (CP), informed placebo/received caffeine (PC), and informed placebo/received placebo (PP). Treatments were randomized. Split times were recorded at 200-, 400-, 600-, 800- and 1000-m and peak heart rate (HRpeak) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded at the completion of the trial. Results: Relative to baseline, participants ran faster during CC (d = 0.42) and CP (d = 0.43). These changes were associated with an increased pace during the first half of the trial. No differences were shown in pacing or performance between baseline and the PC (d = 0.21) and open administration of placebo (d = 0.10). No differences were reported between treatments for HRpeak (η2 = 0.084) and RPE (η2 = 0.009). Conclusions: Our results indicate that the effect of believing to have ingested caffeine improved performance to the same magnitude as actually receiving caffeine. These improvements were associated with an increase in pace during the first half of the time-trial.
Year	2019
Journal	International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
Journal citation	15 (4), pp. 483-488
Publisher	Human Kinetics
ISSN	1555-0265
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0230
Online	09 Sep 2019
Publication process dates
Deposited	20 Aug 2019
Accepted	Aug 2019
Accepted author manuscript	18340_Clean copy.pdf
Output status	Published
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Hurst, P., Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2017. Is there a role for implicit and explicit information about placebo and nocebo effects in reducing the use of drugs in sport?

Is the intention to use sport supplements a predictor of placebo and nocebo responding among athletes?

Hurst, P., Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2017. Is the intention to use sport supplements a predictor of placebo and nocebo responding among athletes?

Athletes intending to use sports supplements are more likely to respond to a placebo

Hurst, P., Foad, A., Coleman, D. and Beedie, C. 2017. Athletes intending to use sports supplements are more likely to respond to a placebo. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (MSSE). https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001297

Growing evidence for neurophysiological mechanisms of placebo effects does not legitimise the use of complementary and alternative medicines by athletes

Beedie, C. 2016. Growing evidence for neurophysiological mechanisms of placebo effects does not legitimise the use of complementary and alternative medicines by athletes.

Development and validation of the sports supplements beliefs scale [Conference paper abstract]

Hurst, P., Foad, A. and Coleman, D. 2015. Development and validation of the sports supplements beliefs scale [Conference paper abstract]. Journal of Sports Sciences. 33 (Sup1), pp. s72-s74. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1110330

A higher effort-based paradigm in physical activity and exercise for public health: making the case for a greater emphasis on resistance training

Steele, J., Fisher, J., Skivington, M., Dunn, C., Arnold, J., Tew, G., Batterham, A., Nunan, D., O'Driscoll, J., Mann, S., Beedie, C., Jobson, S., Smith, D., Vigotsky, A., Phillips, S., Estabrooks, P. and Winett, R. 2017. A higher effort-based paradigm in physical activity and exercise for public health: making the case for a greater emphasis on resistance training. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4209-8

Expectations, caffeine and pacing strategy: how positive and negative expectations can influence running performance

Hurst, P. 2014. Expectations, caffeine and pacing strategy: how positive and negative expectations can influence running performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48 (A3). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094245.8

Expectancy effects on competitive 5 km time-trial performance

Hurst, P. 2013. Expectancy effects on competitive 5 km time-trial performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47 (17). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093073.15

Reproducibility of outdoor 5 km running time-trial in a competitive environment

Hurst, P. 2013. Reproducibility of outdoor 5 km running time-trial in a competitive environment. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47 (e4). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093073.14

Why absence of evidence of risk is not the same as evidence for absence of risk

Mills, H., De Vivo, M. and Beedie, C. 2017. Why absence of evidence of risk is not the same as evidence for absence of risk. Canterbury Christ Church University.

The science of the placebo versus placebo science

Beedie, C. 2017. The science of the placebo versus placebo science. Canterbury Christ Church University.

Why news about drug use by amateur athletes may not be all bad...

Beedie, C. 2017. Why news about drug use by amateur athletes may not be all bad... Canterbury Christ Church University.

Commentaries on viewpoint: a role for the prefrontal cortex in exercise tolerance and termination

Meeusen, R., Pires, F., Lutz, K., Cheung, S., Perrey, S., Rauch, H., Micklewright, D., Pinheiro, F., Radel, R., Brisswalter, J., Beedie, C. and Hettinga, F. 2016. Commentaries on viewpoint: a role for the prefrontal cortex in exercise tolerance and termination. Journal of Applied Physiology. 20 (4), pp. 467-469. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00967.2015

Health behavior: an overview of effects & issues

Beedie, C., Jimenez, A. and Ligouri, G. 2015. Health behavior: an overview of effects & issues. in: EuropeActive's Essentials of Motivation and Behaviour Change Nijmegen, The Netherlands Black Box.

Development and validation of the Sports Supplements Beliefs Scale

Hurst, P., Foad, A., Coleman, D. and Beedie, C. 2016. Development and validation of the Sports Supplements Beliefs Scale. Performance Enhancement & Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2016.10.001

Reliability of 5-km running performance in a competitive environment

Hurst, P. and Board, L. 2016. Reliability of 5-km running performance in a competitive environment. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2016.1233421

How should I regulate my emotions if I want to run faster?

Lane, A., Devonport, T., Friesen, A., Beedie, C., Fullerton, C. and Stanley, D. 2015. How should I regulate my emotions if I want to run faster? European Journal of Sport Science. 16 (4), pp. 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1080305

Psychological aspects of personal training

Beedie, C. 2016. Psychological aspects of personal training. in: Rieger, T., Jones, B. and Jiménez, A. (ed.) EuropeActive's Essentials for Personal Trainers Champaign, Illinois, USA Human Kinetics.

Beliefs versus reality, or beliefs as reality? The placebo effect in sport and exercise

Hurst, P., Foad, A. and Beedie, C. 2016. Beliefs versus reality, or beliefs as reality? The placebo effect in sport and exercise. in: Lane, A. (ed.) Sport and Exercise Psychology London Routledge. pp. 325-344

Capitalizing on the placebo component of treatments

Beedie, C., Foad, A. and Hurst, P. 2015. Capitalizing on the placebo component of treatments. Current Sports Medicine Reports (CSMR). 14 (4), pp. 284-287. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000172

Comparison of inter-trial recovery times for the determination of critical power and W' in cycling.

Karsten, B., Hopker, J., Jobson, S., Baker, J., Petrigna, L., Klose, A. and Beedie, C. 2016. Comparison of inter-trial recovery times for the determination of critical power and W' in cycling. Journal of Sports Sciences. 35 (14), pp. 1420-1425. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1215500

High agreement between laboratory and field estimates of critical power in cycling

Karsten, B., Jobson, S., Hopker, J., Jimenez, A. and Beedie, C. 2013. High agreement between laboratory and field estimates of critical power in cycling. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 35 (4), pp. 298-303. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1349844

The 3-min test does not provide a valid measure of critical power using the SRM isokinetic mode

Beedie, C., Karsten, B., Hopker, J., Jobson, S. and Passfield, L. 2013. The 3-min test does not provide a valid measure of critical power using the SRM isokinetic mode. International Journal of Sports Medicine.

Quality of life in patients receiving telemedicine enhanced chronic heart failure disease management: a meta-analysis

Knox, L., Rahman, R. and Beedie, C. 2016. Quality of life in patients receiving telemedicine enhanced chronic heart failure disease management: a meta-analysis. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X16660418

Combining supervised exercise and physical activity counselling might increase retention to GP exercise referral programmes

Beedie, C., Mann, S., Domone, S. and Wade, M. 2016. Combining supervised exercise and physical activity counselling might increase retention to GP exercise referral programmes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (MSSE). 48 (5S), pp. 79-80. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000485247.50764.f8

Identifying what works for local physical inactivity interventions

Beedie, C., Mann, S., Domone, S. and Copeland, R. 2014. Identifying what works for local physical inactivity interventions. London Public Health England.

Effects of community-based physical activity counselling among at-risk individuals

Beedie, C., Mann, S., Domone, S. and Wade, S. 2016. Effects of community-based physical activity counselling among at-risk individuals. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 48 (5S), p. 81. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000485250.96505.ea

The feasibility, scalability and outcomes of cardiorespiratory fitness testing in primary school children

Beedie, C., Mann, S., Domone, S. and Wade, M. 2016. The feasibility, scalability and outcomes of cardiorespiratory fitness testing in primary school children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48 (S1), pp. 298-298. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000485898.29037.4d

Programming resistance training required for positive effects on body composition in community programmes

Beedie, C., Mann, S., Jimenez, A., Domone, S. and Wade, M. 2016. Programming resistance training required for positive effects on body composition in community programmes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 48 (5S), pp. 543-543. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486633.52665.4f

Effects on cardiovascular risk factors of three 48-week community-based exercise interventions

Beedie, C., Mann, S., Domone, S., Jimenez, A. and Wade, M. 2016. Effects on cardiovascular risk factors of three 48-week community-based exercise interventions. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 48 (5S), pp. 593-594. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486781.43775.7d

Effects on aerobic capacity of three 48-week community-based exercise interventions

Beedie, C., Mann, S., Domone, S., Jimenez, A. and Wade, M. 2016. Effects on aerobic capacity of three 48-week community-based exercise interventions. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 48 (5S), p. 596. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486788.81892.e9

Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to different modalities of exercise: a review of the evidence

Beedie, C., Mann, S., Jimenez, A., Balducci, S., Zanusso, S., Bertiato, F. and Allgrove, J. 2014. Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to different modalities of exercise: a review of the evidence. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 30 (4), pp. 257-268. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2488

Community fitness center-based physical activity interventions: a brief review

Beedie, C., Mann, S. and Jimenez, A. 2014. Community fitness center-based physical activity interventions: a brief review. Current Sports Medicine Reports (CSMR). 13 (4), pp. 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000070

Brief Online Training Enhances Competitive Performance: Findings of the BBC Lab UK Psychological Skills Intervention Study

Beedie, C., Lane, A., Totterdell, P., Neville, A., Friesen, A., McDonald, I., Stanley, D. and Devonport, T. 2016. Brief Online Training Enhances Competitive Performance: Findings of the BBC Lab UK Psychological Skills Intervention Study. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00413

Differential effects of aerobic exercise, resistance training and combined exercise modalities on cholesterol and the lipid profile: review, synthesis and recommendations

Beedie, C., Mann, S. and Jimenez, A. 2014. Differential effects of aerobic exercise, resistance training and combined exercise modalities on cholesterol and the lipid profile: review, synthesis and recommendations. Sports Medicine. 44 (2), pp. 211-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0110-5

Death by effectiveness: exercise as medicine caught in the efficacy trap

Beedie, C., Mann, S., Whyte, G., Domone, S., Lane, A., Kennedy, L. and Jimenez, A. 2015. Death by effectiveness: exercise as medicine caught in the efficacy trap. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2016 (50), pp. 323-324. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094389

A method by which to assess the scalability of field-based fitness tests of cardiorespiratory fitness among schoolchildren

Beedie, C., Domone, S., Sandercock, G., Wade, M. and Mann, S. 2016. A method by which to assess the scalability of field-based fitness tests of cardiorespiratory fitness among schoolchildren. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0553-6

Comparative effects of three 48-week community-based physical activity and exercise interventions on aerobic capacity, total cholesterol and mean arterial blood pressure

Beedie, C., Jimenez, A., Domone, S. and Mann, S. 2016. Comparative effects of three 48-week community-based physical activity and exercise interventions on aerobic capacity, total cholesterol and mean arterial blood pressure. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine. 2016 (2). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000105

Is Olympic inspiration associated with fitness and physical activity in English schoolchildren? A repeated cross- sectional comparison before and 18 months after London 2012

Beedie, C., Sandercock, G. and Mann, S. 2016. Is Olympic inspiration associated with fitness and physical activity in English schoolchildren? A repeated cross- sectional comparison before and 18 months after London 2012. British Medical Journal Open. 6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011670

Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation over 5 km

Hurst, P., Coleman, D. and Saunders, S. 2015. Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation over 5 km. British Journal of Sports Medicine: International Sports Science + Sports Medicine Conference 2015 Abstracts Newcastle Upon Tyne 8–10th September 2015. 49 (Sup. 2), pp. A6-A6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095576.17

Placebo and nocebo effects during repeat sprint performance

Hurst, P., Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2016. Placebo and nocebo effects during repeat sprint performance.

Knowledge and experience of placebo effects modifies athletes’ intentions to use sport supplements

Hurst, P., Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2016. Knowledge and experience of placebo effects modifies athletes’ intentions to use sport supplements.

Illegal drug use damages the ethos of sport and risks the health of athletes

Beedie, C. 2016. Illegal drug use damages the ethos of sport and risks the health of athletes. Canterbury Christ Church University.

Validity and reliability of critical power field testing

Karsten, B., Jobson, S., Hopker, J., Stevens, L. and Beedie, C. 2015. Validity and reliability of critical power field testing. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 115 (1), pp. 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3001-z

The BASES expert statement on emotion regulation in sport

Lane, A., Beedie, C., Jones, M., Uphill, M. and Devonport, T. 2012. The BASES expert statement on emotion regulation in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences. 30 (11), pp. 1189-1195. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.693621

The BASES expert statement on emotion regulation in sport: produced on behalf of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences

Lane, A., Beedie, C., Jones, M., Uphill, M. and Devenport, T. 2011. The BASES expert statement on emotion regulation in sport: produced on behalf of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. The Sport and Exercise Scientist. 29, pp. 14-15.

Placebo effect of an inert gel on experimentally induced leg muscle pain

Hopker, J., Foad, A., Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Leach, G. 2010. Placebo effect of an inert gel on experimentally induced leg muscle pain. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. 1, pp. 215-221.

Mood and performance: test of a conceptual model with a focus on depressed mood

Lane, A., Terry, P., Beedie, C., Curry, D. and Clark, N. 2001. Mood and performance: test of a conceptual model with a focus on depressed mood. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2 (3), pp. 157-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00007-3

Caffeine works: whether you believe it or not: evidence for pharmacological effects of caffeine ingestion on 40km cycling performance

Foad, A., Beedie, C. and Coleman, D. 2006. Caffeine works: whether you believe it or not: evidence for pharmacological effects of caffeine ingestion on 40km cycling performance.

Improved 1000-m running performance and pacing strategy with caffeine and placebo effect: a balanced placebo design study

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