An evaluation of UK Athletics’ Clean Sport Programme in preventing doping in junior elite athletes

Journal article


Hurst, P., Ring, C and Kavussanu, M. 2020. An evaluation of UK Athletics’ Clean Sport Programme in preventing doping in junior elite athletes. Performance Enhancement & Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2019.100155
AuthorsHurst, P., Ring, C and Kavussanu, M.
Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate UK Athletics’ Clean Sport programme in preventing unintentional and intentional doping in junior elite athletes. Track and field athletes (N = 202) attended UK Athletics’ Clean Sport programme. This programme delivered information about the World Anti-Doping Agency, drug testing, anti-doping rule violations, use of medications, and risks associated with sport supplements. Participants completed measures related to unintentional (i.e. knowledge of anti-doping rules, intention to use sport supplements, beliefs about sport supplements) and intentional (i.e. doping likelihood, doping moral disengagement) doping at baseline, immediately after the programme, and at 3-month follow-up. Compared to baseline, immediately after the programme, participants had more knowledge about anti-doping rules (mean differences ± SEM = 2.34 ± 0.11; d = 1.40) and lower scores for intention to use supplements (-0.92 ± 0.12; d = 0.44), beliefs about the effectiveness of supplements, (-0.57 ± 0.06; d = 0.45), doping likelihood (-0.16 ± 0.03; d = 0.20), and doping moral disengagement (-0.20 ± 0.04; d = 0.26). At follow-up, knowledge of anti-doping rules (1.94 ± 0.12; d = 1.22), intention to use supplements (-1.26 ± 0.12; d = 0.63), and supplement beliefs (-0.52 ± 0.07; d = 0.42) remained different from baseline, whereas doping likelihood (0.01 ± 0.05; d = 0.01) and moral disengagement (0.13 ± 0.03; d = 0.09) returned to baseline. After attending the programme, participants were less likely to unintentionally dope in the short and medium term and were less likely to intentionally dope in the short term. However, the effects on intentional doping were not maintained after 3-months. These findings suggest that although the programme reduces intentional doping in the short term, it needs to be strengthened to sustain effects in the long term.

KeywordsAnti-doping policy; Drug use; Effectiveness; Inadvertent; World Anti-Doping Agency ; Intervention
Year2020
JournalPerformance Enhancement & Health
PublisherElsevier
ISSN2211-2669
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2019.100155
Official URLhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2019.100155
Publication dates
Online26 Dec 2019
Publication process dates
Accepted12 Dec 2019
Accepted author manuscript
File Access Level
Open
Supplemental file
File Access Level
Open
Output statusPublished
References

AIU. (2019). Athletics Integrity Unit: Global List of Inelgible Persons. Retrieved from https://www.athleticsintegrity.org/downloads/pdfs/disciplinary-proce...
Backhouse, S., Whitaker, L., Patterson, L., Erickson, K., & McKenna, J. (2016). Social Psychology of Doping in Sport: A Mixed Studies Narrative Synthesis. Montreal, Canada: World Anti-Doping Agency.
Backhouse, S. H., Griffiths, C., & McKenna, J. (2018). Tackling doping in sport: a call to take action on the dopogenic environment. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52, 1485-1486. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097169
Backhouse, S. H., Patterson, L., & McKenna, J. (2012). Achieving the Olympic ideal: Preventing doping in sport. Performance Enhancement & Health, 1(2), 83-85. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2012.08.001
Barkoukis, V., Kartali, K., Lazuras, L., & Tsorbatzoudis, H. (2016). Evaluation of an anti-doping intervention for adolescents: Findings from a school-based study. Sport Management Review, 19(1), 23-34. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2015.12.003
Beedie, C., Benedetti, F., Barbiani, D., Camerone, E., Cohen, E., Coleman, D., . . . Szabo, A. (2018). Consensus statement on placebo effects in sports and exercise: the need for conceptual clarity, methodological rigour, and the elucidation of neurobiological mechanisms. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(10), 1383-1389. doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1496144
Chan, D. K., Ntoumanis, N., Gucciardi, D. F., Donovan, R. J., Dimmock, J. A., Hardcastle, S. J., & Hagger, M. S. (2016). What if it really was an accident? The psychology of unintentional doping. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(15), 898-899. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094678
Chan, D. K., Tang, T. C. W., Yung, P. S., Gucciardi, D. F., & Hagger, M. S. (2017). Is unintentional doping real, or just an excuse? British Journal of Sports Medicine. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097614
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159.
Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., & Petticrew, M. (2008). Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ, 337, a1655.
de Hon, O., Kuipers, H., & van Bottenburg, M. (2015). Prevalence of doping use in elite sports: a review of numbers and methods. Sports Medicine, 45(1), 57-69. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0247-x
Elbe, A.-M., & Brand, R. (2016). The effect of an ethical decision-making training on young athletes’ attitudes toward doping. Ethics & Behavior, 26(1), 32-44. doi:10.1080/10508422.2014.976864
Elliot, D. L., Goldberg, L., Moe, E. L., Defrancesco, C. A., Durham, M. B., & Hix-Small, H. (2004). Preventing substance use and disordered eating: initial outcomes of the ATHENA (athletes targeting healthy exercise and nutrition alternatives) program. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 158(11), 1043-1049. doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.11.1043
Goldberg, L., Elliot, D., Clarke, G. N., MacKinnon, D. P., Moe, E., Zoref, L., . . . Miller, D. J. (1996). Effects of a multidimensional anabolic steroid prevention intervention: The Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS) Program. JAMA, 276(19), 1555-1562.
Hallward, L., & Duncan, L. R. (2019). A Qualitative Exploration of Athletes' Past Experiences With Doping Prevention Education. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31(2), 187-202.
Houlihan, B., & Melville, S. (2011). Improving and proving: A handbook for the evaluation of anti-doping education programmes. In: Canada: World Anti-Doping Agency.
Hurst, P., Foad, A. J., Coleman, D. A., & Beedie, C. (2017). Development and validation of the Sports Supplements Beliefs Scale Performance Enhancement & Health, 5(3), 89-97. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2016.10.001
Hurst, P., Kavussanu, M., Boardley, I. D., & Ring, C. (2019). Sport supplement use predicts doping via sport supplement beliefs. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1-7. doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1589920
Huybers, T., & Mazanov, J. (2012). What would Kim do: A choice study of projected athlete doping considerations. Journal of sport management, 26(4), 322-334. doi:10.1123/jsm.26.4.322
Kavussanu, M., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Elbe, A.-M., & Ring, C. (2016). The moral disengagement in doping scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 24, 188-198. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.02.003
Kavussanu, M., Yukhymenko-Lescroart, M. A., Elbe, A.-M., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2019). Integrating moral and achievement variables to predict doping likelihood in football: A cross-cultural investigation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 101518.
Kim, T., & Kim, Y. H. (2017). Korean national athletes’ knowledge, practices, and attitudes of doping: a cross-sectional study. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 12(1), 7.
Lentillon-Kaestner, V., & Carstairs, C. (2010). Doping use among young elite cyclists: a qualitative psychosociological approach. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20(2), 336-345. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00885.x
Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American statistical Association, 83(404), 1198-1202.
Lucidi, F., Mallia, L., Alivernini, F., Chirico, A., Manganelli, S., Galli, F., . . . Zelli, A. (2017). The Effectiveness of a New School-Based Media Literacy Intervention on Adolescents’ Doping Attitudes and Supplements Use. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 749.
MacArthur, G. J., Harrison, S., Caldwell, D. M., Hickman, M., & Campbell, R. (2016). Peer‐led interventions to prevent tobacco, alcohol and/or drug use among young people aged 11–21 years: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Addiction, 111(3), 391-407.
Murofushi, Y., Kawata, Y., Kamimura, A., Hirosawa, M., & Shibata, N. (2018). Impact of anti-doping education and doping control experience on anti-doping knowledge in Japanese university athletes: a cross-sectional study. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 13(1), 44.
Ntoumanis, N., Ng, J. Y., Barkoukis, V., & Backhouse, S. (2014). Personal and psychosocial predictors of doping use in physical activity settings: a meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 44(11), 1603-1624. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0240-4
Ranby, K. W., Aiken, L. S., MacKinnon, D. P., Elliot, D. L., Moe, E. L., McGinnis, W., & Goldberg, L. (2009). A mediation analysis of the ATHENA intervention for female athletes: prevention of athletic-enhancing substance use and unhealthy weight loss behaviors. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(10), 1069-1083.
Ring, C., & Hurst, P. (2019). The effects of moral disengagement mechanisms on doping likelihood are mediated by guilt and moderated by moral traits. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 33-41. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.09.001
Ring, C., Kavussanu, M., Lucidi, S., & Hurst, P. (2019). Effects of personal and situational factors on self-referenced doping likelihood. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 41, 29-35.
Turfus, S., Smith, J., Mansingh, A., Alexander-Lindo, R., & Roopchand-Martin, S. (2019). Supplementation practices, perceptions and knowledge about anti-doping among Jamaican high school athletes. Performance Enhancement & Health, 100145.
UKAD. (2017). Strategic plan. Retrieved from https://www.ukad.org.uk/sites/default/files/2019-04/UK%20Strategic%2...
UKAD. (2018). Annual reports and accounts. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/u...
Ulrich, R., Pope, H. G., Cléret, L., Petróczi, A., Nepusz, T., Schaffer, J., . . . Simon, P. (2018). Doping in two elite athletics competitions assessed by randomized-response surveys. Sports Medicine, 48(1), 211-219.
WADA. (2009). Global Anti-Doping Organization Chart. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/WADA_PK...
WADA. (2016). Information/Education Guidelines to Prevent Doping in Sport. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_gu...
WADA. (2019). Code Signatories. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/the-code/code-signatories
Wippert, P. M., & Fliesser, M. (2016). National doping prevention guidelines: Intent, efficacy and lessons learned - A 4-year evaluation. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 11(1), 35. doi:10.1186/s13011-016-0079-9

Permalink -

https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/item/8q1x3/an-evaluation-of-uk-athletics-clean-sport-programme-in-preventing-doping-in-junior-elite-athletes

Download files

Accepted author manuscript

Supplemental file
  • 192
    total views
  • 258
    total downloads
  • 1
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Laboratory and field-based data collection (Quantitative)
Saunders, B., Marticorena, F., Hurst, P. and Gough, L. Laboratory and field-based data collection (Quantitative). in: Dolan, E. and Steele, E. (ed.) Research Methods in Sport and Exercise Science. An Open-Access Primer. Published by. The Society for Transparency, Openness and Replication in Kinesiology.
‘At least you got to see people when you went out for a walk’: older adults’ lived, embodied experiences during COVID-19 times in the United Kingdom
Paul, Robert, Wray, Rachel K., Stamp, Elizabeth, Allen-Collinson, J. and Hurst, Philip 2024. ‘At least you got to see people when you went out for a walk’: older adults’ lived, embodied experiences during COVID-19 times in the United Kingdom. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676x.2024.2382430
Dietary supplement use is related to doping intention via doping attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control
Hurst, P., Ng, P., Under, L. and Fuggle, C. 2024. Dietary supplement use is related to doping intention via doping attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control . Performance Enhancement & Health. p. 100278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2024.100278
Laboratory and field-based data collection (quantitative)
Saunders, B., Marticorena, F., Hurst, P. and Gough, L. 2024. Laboratory and field-based data collection (quantitative). in: Dolan, E. and Steele, J. (ed.) Research Methods in Sport and Exercise Science. An Open-Access Primer. Society for Transparency, Openness and Replication in Kinesiology. pp. 4-30
Sodium Bicarbonate and Time-to-Exhaustion Cycling Performance: A Retrospective Analysis Exploring the Mediating Role of Expectation.
Gurton, W., Matta, G., Gough, L., Ranchordas, M., King, D. and Hurst, P. 2023. Sodium Bicarbonate and Time-to-Exhaustion Cycling Performance: A Retrospective Analysis Exploring the Mediating Role of Expectation. Sports Medicine - Open. 9 (1), p. 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00612-5
Assessing the need to use sport supplements: The mediating role of sports supplement beliefs
Yuka Murofushi, Yujiro Kawata, Miyuki Nakamura, Shinji Yamaguchi, Saori Sunamoto, Hanako Fukamachi, Hiroshi Aono, Etsuko Kamihigashi, Yuji Takazawa, Hisashi Naito and Philip Hurst 2023. Assessing the need to use sport supplements: The mediating role of sports supplement beliefs. Performance Enhancement & Health. 12 (1), p. 100269.
A national anti-doping education programme reduces doping susceptibility in British athletes
Hurst, Philip, King, Ailish, Massey, Kelly, Ring, Christopher and Kavussanu, Maria 2023. A national anti-doping education programme reduces doping susceptibility in British athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 69, p. 102512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102512
Embedding physical activity guidance during pregnancy and in postpartum care: ‘This Mum Moves’ enhances professional practice of midwives and health visitors
Taylor, K., De Vivo, Marlize, Mills, Hayley, Hurst, Phil, Draper, S. and Foad, Abby 2023. Embedding physical activity guidance during pregnancy and in postpartum care: ‘This Mum Moves’ enhances professional practice of midwives and health visitors. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. 69 (1), pp. 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13547
Are dietary supplement users more likely to dope than non-users?: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Hurst, P., Schiphof-Godart, L., Kavussanu, M, Barkoukis, V., Petróczi, A and Ring, C. 2023. Are dietary supplement users more likely to dope than non-users?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Drug Policy. 117, p. 104077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104077
Placebo and nocebo effects in sport
Hurst, P. 2023. Placebo and nocebo effects in sport. The Physiology News Magazine. 129 (1), pp. 24-26.
Are Dietary Supplements a Gateway to Doping? A Retrospective Survey of Athletes’ Substance Use
Hurst, P. 2023. Are Dietary Supplements a Gateway to Doping? A Retrospective Survey of Athletes’ Substance Use. Substance Use & Misuse. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2022.2161320
Moral values and moral identity moderate the indirect relationship between sport supplement use and doping use via sport supplement beliefs
Hurst, P., Ring, Christopher and Kavussanu, Maria 2022. Moral values and moral identity moderate the indirect relationship between sport supplement use and doping use via sport supplement beliefs. Journal of Sports Sciences. 40 (10), pp. 1160-1167. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2053387
The role of moral identity and regret on cheating in sport
Hurst, Philip, Kavussanu, Maria, Swain, Jon and Ring, Christopher 2022. The role of moral identity and regret on cheating in sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 21 (2), pp. 230-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2022.2057567
Efficacy of sodium bicarbonate ingestion strategies for protecting blinding
Gurton, W., Garcia Matta, G., Gough, L. and Hurst, P. 2022. Efficacy of sodium bicarbonate ingestion strategies for protecting blinding. European Journal of Applied Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-05031-0
Reproducibility of 20-min time-trial performance on a virtual cycling platform
Garcia Matta, G., Edwards, A., Roelands, B., Hettinga, F. and Hurst, P. 2022. Reproducibility of 20-min time-trial performance on a virtual cycling platform. International Journal of Sports Medicine.
The reproducibility of 20-min time-trial performance on a virtual cycling platform.
Matta, G., Edwards, Andrew, Roelands, Bart, Hettinga, F. and Hurst, P. 2022. The reproducibility of 20-min time-trial performance on a virtual cycling platform. International Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1848-8478
The role of moral identity and regret on cheating in sport
Hurst, P., Kavussanu, M., Swain, J. and Ring, C. 2022. The role of moral identity and regret on cheating in sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2057567
Blood pressure and cardiac autonomic adaptations to isometric exercise training: A randomized sham-controlled study
De Caux, A., Edwards, J., Swift, H., Hurst, P., Wiles, J. and O'Driscoll, J. 2022. Blood pressure and cardiac autonomic adaptations to isometric exercise training: A randomized sham-controlled study. Physiological Reports. 10 (2), p. e15112.
Ego orientation is related to doping likelihood via sport supplement use and sport supplement beliefs
Hurst, P., Ring, Christopher and Kavussanu, Maria 2021. Ego orientation is related to doping likelihood via sport supplement use and sport supplement beliefs. European Journal of Sport Science. 22 (11), pp. 1734-1742. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1995509
Targeting personal morality in anti-doping education
Hurst, P. 2021. Targeting personal morality in anti-doping education . HED Matters. 4 (1), pp. 9-12.
A psychological intervention reduces doping likelihood in British and Greek athletes: A cluster randomized controlled trial
Maria Kavussanu, Vassilis Barkoukis, Phil Hurst, Mariya Yukhymenko-Lescroart, Lida Skoufa, Andrea Chirico, Fabio Lucidi and Christopher Ring 2021. A psychological intervention reduces doping likelihood in British and Greek athletes: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org//10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102099
Prefrontal cortex oxygenation during endurance performance: A systematic review of functional near-infrared spectroscopy studies.
De Wachter, Jonas, Proost, Matthias, Habay, Jelle, Verstraelen, Matthias, Díaz-García, Jesús, Hurst, Philip, Meeusen, Romain, Van Cutsem, Jeroen and Roelands, B. 2021. Prefrontal cortex oxygenation during endurance performance: A systematic review of functional near-infrared spectroscopy studies. Frontiers in Physiology. 12, p. 761232. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.761232
A moral intervention reduces doping likelihood in British and Greek athletes: evidence from a cluster randomized control trial
Kavussanu, M. and Hurst, P. 2020. A moral intervention reduces doping likelihood in British and Greek athletes: evidence from a cluster randomized control trial. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0313
Athletes using ergogenic and medical sport supplements report more favourable attitudes to doping than non-users
Hurst, P., Ring, C. and Kavussanu, M. 2020. Athletes using ergogenic and medical sport supplements report more favourable attitudes to doping than non-users. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.09.012
The placebo effect in sport: How practitioners can inject words to improve performance
Roelands, B. and Hurst, P. 2020. The placebo effect in sport: How practitioners can inject words to improve performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 15 (6), pp. 765-766. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0358
Can taste be ergogenic?
Best, R., McDonald, K., Hurst, P. and Pickering, C. 2020. Can taste be ergogenic? European Journal of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02274-5
Dual career: balancing success in sport and life
Howland, L., Papadimitriou, A., Minoudis, V. and Hurst, P. 2020. Dual career: balancing success in sport and life. in: Chatziefstathiou, D., Garcia, B. and Seguin, B. (ed.) Routledge Handbook of the Olympic and Paralympic Games Routledge. pp. 1-21
No differences between beetroot juice and placebo on competitive 5-km running performance: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Hurst, P., Saunders, S. and Coleman, D. 2020. No differences between beetroot juice and placebo on competitive 5-km running performance: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 30 (4), pp. 295-300. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0034
Who responds to a placebo? Factors associated with response to placebo during a double-blind randomised controlled trial
Hurst, P., Saunders, S. and Coleman, D. 2020. Who responds to a placebo? Factors associated with response to placebo during a double-blind randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Sport Science.
Emailed - Are Nike's Vaporfly trainers the emperor's new shoes?
Hurst, P. 2020. Emailed - Are Nike's Vaporfly trainers the emperor's new shoes? CCCU Expert Comment.
An educational placebo effect intervention reduces the likelihood of athletes using performance enhancing drugs
Hurst, P., Foad, A., Coleman, D. and Beedie, C. 2018. An educational placebo effect intervention reduces the likelihood of athletes using performance enhancing drugs.
Psychological mechanisms underlying morality in sport
Hurst, P. 2019. Psychological mechanisms underlying morality in sport.
Fear of failure predicts doping likelihood in competitive athletes
Hurst, P. 2018. Fear of failure predicts doping likelihood in competitive athletes.
Sport supplement use predicts doping attitudes and likelihood via sport supplement beliefs
Hurst, P., Kavussanu, M., Boardley, I. and Ring, C. 2019. Sport supplement use predicts doping attitudes and likelihood via sport supplement beliefs. Journal of Sports Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1589920
Improved 1000-m running performance and pacing strategy with caffeine and placebo effect: a balanced placebo design study
Hurst, P., Schiphof-Godart, l., Hettinga, F., Roelands, B. and Beedie, C. 2019. Improved 1000-m running performance and pacing strategy with caffeine and placebo effect: a balanced placebo design study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 15 (4), pp. 483-488. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0230
The placebo and nocebo effect on sports performance: a systematic review
Hurst, P., Schiphof-Godart, l., Szabo, A., Raglin, J., Hettinga, F., Roelands, B., Lane, A., Foad, A., Coleman, D. and Beedie, C. 2019. The placebo and nocebo effect on sports performance: a systematic review. European Journal of Sport Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1655098
Notes and tips on surveys
Hurst, P. and Bird, S. 2019. Notes and tips on surveys. in: Bird, S. (ed.) Research Methods in Physical Activity and Health London and New York Routledge. pp. 102-108
Questionnaires
Hurst, P. and Bird, S. 2019. Questionnaires. in: Bird, S. (ed.) Research Methods in Physical Activity and Health London and New York Routledge. pp. 93-101
Evaluating the effectiveness of the VIRTUES and HEROES projects: qualitative evidence
Kavussanu, M., King, A., Hurst, P., Skloufa, L. and Barkoukis, V. 2018. Evaluating the effectiveness of the VIRTUES and HEROES projects: qualitative evidence.
Preventing doping in sport: the HEROES project
Kavussanu, M., Hurst, P., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Elbe, A. and Ring, C. 2018. Preventing doping in sport: the HEROES project.
Preventing doping in sport: the VIRTUES project
Kavussanu, M., Hurst, P., Barkoukis, V., Skoufa, L., King, A. and Ring, C. 2018. Preventing doping in sport: the VIRTUES project.
The effects of moral disengagement on doping likelihood and guilt
Kavussanu, M., Ring, C. and Hurst, P. 2018. The effects of moral disengagement on doping likelihood and guilt.
Social cognitive predictors of doping intentions: a multi-national study
Kavussanu, M., Skoufa, L., Barkoukis, V., Hurst, P., Chirico, A., Lucidi, F. and Ring, C. 2018. Social cognitive predictors of doping intentions: a multi-national study.
Effects of personal and situational factors on self-referenced doping likelihood
Ring, C., Kavussanu, M., Lucidi, S. and Hurst, P. 2018. Effects of personal and situational factors on self-referenced doping likelihood. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.11.003
The effects of moral disengagement mechanisms on doping likelihood are mediated by guilt and moderated by moral traits
Ring, C. and Hurst, P. 2018. The effects of moral disengagement mechanisms on doping likelihood are mediated by guilt and moderated by moral traits. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 40, pp. 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.09.001
The placebo and nocebo effect in sport: intentions, attitudes and beliefs towards sport supplements and banned performance enhancing substances
Hurst, P. 2018. The placebo and nocebo effect in sport: intentions, attitudes and beliefs towards sport supplements and banned performance enhancing substances. PhD Thesis Canterbury Christ Church University Faculty of Social and Applied Sciences
Consensus statement on placebo effects in sports and exercise: the need for conceptual clarity, methodological rigour, and the elucidation of neurobiological mechanisms.
Beedie, C., Hurst, P., Coleman, D., Foad, A., Benedetti, F., Cohen, E., Davis, A., Elseworth-Edelsten, C., Flowers, E., Roelands, B., Hettinga, F., Raglin, J., Szabo, A., Camerone, E., Barbiani, D., Lane, A., Lindheimer, J., Schiphof-Godart, l. and Harvey, S. 2018. Consensus statement on placebo effects in sports and exercise: the need for conceptual clarity, methodological rigour, and the elucidation of neurobiological mechanisms. European Journal of Sport Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1496144
Could placebos be putting lives at risk?
Hurst, P. and Beedie, C. 2018. Could placebos be putting lives at risk?
Caution, this treatment is a placebo. It might work, but it might not”: why emerging mechanistic evidence for placebo effects does not legitimise complementary and alternative medicines in sport
Beedie, C., Whyte, G., Coleman, D., Hurst, P., Cohen, E., Lane, A., Raglin, J. and Foad, A. 2017. Caution, this treatment is a placebo. It might work, but it might not”: why emerging mechanistic evidence for placebo effects does not legitimise complementary and alternative medicines in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097747
Is there a role for implicit and explicit information about placebo and nocebo effects in reducing the use of drugs in sport?
Hurst, P., Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2017. Is there a role for implicit and explicit information about placebo and nocebo effects in reducing the use of drugs in sport?
Is the intention to use sport supplements a predictor of placebo and nocebo responding among athletes?
Hurst, P., Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2017. Is the intention to use sport supplements a predictor of placebo and nocebo responding among athletes?
Athletes intending to use sports supplements are more likely to respond to a placebo
Hurst, P., Foad, A., Coleman, D. and Beedie, C. 2017. Athletes intending to use sports supplements are more likely to respond to a placebo. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (MSSE). https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001297
Development and validation of the sports supplements beliefs scale [Conference paper abstract]
Hurst, P., Foad, A. and Coleman, D. 2015. Development and validation of the sports supplements beliefs scale [Conference paper abstract]. Journal of Sports Sciences. 33 (Sup1), pp. s72-s74. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1110330
Expectations, caffeine and pacing strategy: how positive and negative expectations can influence running performance
Hurst, P. 2014. Expectations, caffeine and pacing strategy: how positive and negative expectations can influence running performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48 (A3). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094245.8
Expectancy effects on competitive 5 km time-trial performance
Hurst, P. 2013. Expectancy effects on competitive 5 km time-trial performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47 (17). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093073.15
Reproducibility of outdoor 5 km running time-trial in a competitive environment
Hurst, P. 2013. Reproducibility of outdoor 5 km running time-trial in a competitive environment. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47 (e4). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093073.14
Development and validation of the Sports Supplements Beliefs Scale
Hurst, P., Foad, A., Coleman, D. and Beedie, C. 2016. Development and validation of the Sports Supplements Beliefs Scale. Performance Enhancement & Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2016.10.001
Reliability of 5-km running performance in a competitive environment
Hurst, P. and Board, L. 2016. Reliability of 5-km running performance in a competitive environment. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2016.1233421
Beliefs versus reality, or beliefs as reality? The placebo effect in sport and exercise
Hurst, P., Foad, A. and Beedie, C. 2016. Beliefs versus reality, or beliefs as reality? The placebo effect in sport and exercise. in: Lane, A. (ed.) Sport and Exercise Psychology London Routledge. pp. 325-344
Capitalizing on the placebo component of treatments
Beedie, C., Foad, A. and Hurst, P. 2015. Capitalizing on the placebo component of treatments. Current Sports Medicine Reports (CSMR). 14 (4), pp. 284-287. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000172
Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation over 5 km
Hurst, P., Coleman, D. and Saunders, S. 2015. Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation over 5 km. British Journal of Sports Medicine: International Sports Science + Sports Medicine Conference 2015 Abstracts Newcastle Upon Tyne 8–10th September 2015. 49 (Sup. 2), pp. A6-A6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095576.17
Placebo and nocebo effects during repeat sprint performance
Hurst, P., Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2016. Placebo and nocebo effects during repeat sprint performance.
Knowledge and experience of placebo effects modifies athletes’ intentions to use sport supplements
Hurst, P., Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2016. Knowledge and experience of placebo effects modifies athletes’ intentions to use sport supplements.