Improved 1000-m running performance and pacing strategy with caffeine and placebo effect: a balanced placebo design study

Journal article


Hurst, P., Schiphof-Godart, l., Hettinga, F., Roelands, B. and Beedie, C. 2019. Improved 1000-m running performance and pacing strategy with caffeine and placebo effect: a balanced placebo design study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 15 (4), pp. 483-488. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0230
AuthorsHurst, P., Schiphof-Godart, l., Hettinga, F., Roelands, B. and Beedie, C.
Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the placebo effect of caffeine on pacing strategy and performance over 1000-m running time-trials using a balanced placebo design.

Methods: Eleven well-trained male middle-distance athletes performed seven 1000-m time-trials (one familiarisation, two baseline and four experimental). Experimental trials consisted of the administration of four treatments: informed caffeine/received caffeine (CC), informed caffeine/received placebo (CP), informed placebo/received caffeine (PC), and informed placebo/received placebo (PP). Treatments were randomized. Split times were recorded at 200-, 400-, 600-, 800- and 1000-m and peak heart rate (HRpeak) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded at the completion of the trial.

Results: Relative to baseline, participants ran faster during CC (d = 0.42) and CP (d = 0.43). These changes were associated with an increased pace during the first half of the trial. No differences were shown in pacing or performance between baseline and the PC (d = 0.21) and open administration of placebo (d = 0.10). No differences were reported between treatments for HRpeak (η2 = 0.084) and RPE (η2 = 0.009).

Conclusions: Our results indicate that the effect of believing to have ingested caffeine improved performance to the same magnitude as actually receiving caffeine. These improvements were associated with an increase in pace during the first half of the time-trial.

Year2019
JournalInternational Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
Journal citation15 (4), pp. 483-488
PublisherHuman Kinetics
ISSN1555-0265
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0230
Publication dates
Online09 Sep 2019
Publication process dates
Deposited20 Aug 2019
AcceptedAug 2019
Accepted author manuscript
Output statusPublished
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Steele, J., Fisher, J., Skivington, M., Dunn, C., Arnold, J., Tew, G., Batterham, A., Nunan, D., O'Driscoll, J., Mann, S., Beedie, C., Jobson, S., Smith, D., Vigotsky, A., Phillips, S., Estabrooks, P. and Winett, R. 2017. A higher effort-based paradigm in physical activity and exercise for public health: making the case for a greater emphasis on resistance training. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4209-8
Expectations, caffeine and pacing strategy: how positive and negative expectations can influence running performance
Hurst, P. 2014. Expectations, caffeine and pacing strategy: how positive and negative expectations can influence running performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48 (A3). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094245.8
Expectancy effects on competitive 5 km time-trial performance
Hurst, P. 2013. Expectancy effects on competitive 5 km time-trial performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47 (17). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093073.15
Reproducibility of outdoor 5 km running time-trial in a competitive environment
Hurst, P. 2013. Reproducibility of outdoor 5 km running time-trial in a competitive environment. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47 (e4). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093073.14
Why absence of evidence of risk is not the same as evidence for absence of risk
Mills, H., De Vivo, M. and Beedie, C. 2017. Why absence of evidence of risk is not the same as evidence for absence of risk. Canterbury Christ Church University.
The science of the placebo versus placebo science
Beedie, C. 2017. The science of the placebo versus placebo science. Canterbury Christ Church University.
Why news about drug use by amateur athletes may not be all bad...
Beedie, C. 2017. Why news about drug use by amateur athletes may not be all bad... Canterbury Christ Church University.
Commentaries on viewpoint: a role for the prefrontal cortex in exercise tolerance and termination
Meeusen, R., Pires, F., Lutz, K., Cheung, S., Perrey, S., Rauch, H., Micklewright, D., Pinheiro, F., Radel, R., Brisswalter, J., Beedie, C. and Hettinga, F. 2016. Commentaries on viewpoint: a role for the prefrontal cortex in exercise tolerance and termination. Journal of Applied Physiology. 20 (4), pp. 467-469. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00967.2015
Health behavior: an overview of effects & issues
Beedie, C., Jimenez, A. and Ligouri, G. 2015. Health behavior: an overview of effects & issues. in: EuropeActive's Essentials of Motivation and Behaviour Change Nijmegen, The Netherlands Black Box.
Development and validation of the Sports Supplements Beliefs Scale
Hurst, P., Foad, A., Coleman, D. and Beedie, C. 2016. Development and validation of the Sports Supplements Beliefs Scale. Performance Enhancement & Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2016.10.001
Reliability of 5-km running performance in a competitive environment
Hurst, P. and Board, L. 2016. Reliability of 5-km running performance in a competitive environment. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2016.1233421
How should I regulate my emotions if I want to run faster?
Lane, A., Devonport, T., Friesen, A., Beedie, C., Fullerton, C. and Stanley, D. 2015. How should I regulate my emotions if I want to run faster? European Journal of Sport Science. 16 (4), pp. 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1080305
Psychological aspects of personal training
Beedie, C. 2016. Psychological aspects of personal training. in: Rieger, T., Jones, B. and Jiménez, A. (ed.) EuropeActive's Essentials for Personal Trainers Champaign, Illinois, USA Human Kinetics.
Beliefs versus reality, or beliefs as reality? The placebo effect in sport and exercise
Hurst, P., Foad, A. and Beedie, C. 2016. Beliefs versus reality, or beliefs as reality? The placebo effect in sport and exercise. in: Lane, A. (ed.) Sport and Exercise Psychology London Routledge. pp. 325-344
Capitalizing on the placebo component of treatments
Beedie, C., Foad, A. and Hurst, P. 2015. Capitalizing on the placebo component of treatments. Current Sports Medicine Reports (CSMR). 14 (4), pp. 284-287. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000172
Comparison of inter-trial recovery times for the determination of critical power and W' in cycling.
Karsten, B., Hopker, J., Jobson, S., Baker, J., Petrigna, L., Klose, A. and Beedie, C. 2016. Comparison of inter-trial recovery times for the determination of critical power and W' in cycling. Journal of Sports Sciences. 35 (14), pp. 1420-1425. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1215500
High agreement between laboratory and field estimates of critical power in cycling
Karsten, B., Jobson, S., Hopker, J., Jimenez, A. and Beedie, C. 2013. High agreement between laboratory and field estimates of critical power in cycling. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 35 (4), pp. 298-303. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1349844
The 3-min test does not provide a valid measure of critical power using the SRM isokinetic mode
Beedie, C., Karsten, B., Hopker, J., Jobson, S. and Passfield, L. 2013. The 3-min test does not provide a valid measure of critical power using the SRM isokinetic mode. International Journal of Sports Medicine.
Quality of life in patients receiving telemedicine enhanced chronic heart failure disease management: a meta-analysis
Knox, L., Rahman, R. and Beedie, C. 2016. Quality of life in patients receiving telemedicine enhanced chronic heart failure disease management: a meta-analysis. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X16660418
Combining supervised exercise and physical activity counselling might increase retention to GP exercise referral programmes
Beedie, C., Mann, S., Domone, S. and Wade, M. 2016. Combining supervised exercise and physical activity counselling might increase retention to GP exercise referral programmes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (MSSE). 48 (5S), pp. 79-80. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000485247.50764.f8
Identifying what works for local physical inactivity interventions
Beedie, C., Mann, S., Domone, S. and Copeland, R. 2014. Identifying what works for local physical inactivity interventions. London Public Health England.
Effects of community-based physical activity counselling among at-risk individuals
Beedie, C., Mann, S., Domone, S. and Wade, S. 2016. Effects of community-based physical activity counselling among at-risk individuals. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 48 (5S), p. 81. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000485250.96505.ea
The feasibility, scalability and outcomes of cardiorespiratory fitness testing in primary school children
Beedie, C., Mann, S., Domone, S. and Wade, M. 2016. The feasibility, scalability and outcomes of cardiorespiratory fitness testing in primary school children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 48 (S1), pp. 298-298. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000485898.29037.4d
Programming resistance training required for positive effects on body composition in community programmes
Beedie, C., Mann, S., Jimenez, A., Domone, S. and Wade, M. 2016. Programming resistance training required for positive effects on body composition in community programmes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 48 (5S), pp. 543-543. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486633.52665.4f
Effects on cardiovascular risk factors of three 48-week community-based exercise interventions
Beedie, C., Mann, S., Domone, S., Jimenez, A. and Wade, M. 2016. Effects on cardiovascular risk factors of three 48-week community-based exercise interventions. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 48 (5S), pp. 593-594. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486781.43775.7d
Effects on aerobic capacity of three 48-week community-based exercise interventions
Beedie, C., Mann, S., Domone, S., Jimenez, A. and Wade, M. 2016. Effects on aerobic capacity of three 48-week community-based exercise interventions. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 48 (5S), p. 596. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486788.81892.e9
Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to different modalities of exercise: a review of the evidence
Beedie, C., Mann, S., Jimenez, A., Balducci, S., Zanusso, S., Bertiato, F. and Allgrove, J. 2014. Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to different modalities of exercise: a review of the evidence. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 30 (4), pp. 257-268. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2488
Community fitness center-based physical activity interventions: a brief review
Beedie, C., Mann, S. and Jimenez, A. 2014. Community fitness center-based physical activity interventions: a brief review. Current Sports Medicine Reports (CSMR). 13 (4), pp. 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000070
Brief Online Training Enhances Competitive Performance: Findings of the BBC Lab UK Psychological Skills Intervention Study
Beedie, C., Lane, A., Totterdell, P., Neville, A., Friesen, A., McDonald, I., Stanley, D. and Devonport, T. 2016. Brief Online Training Enhances Competitive Performance: Findings of the BBC Lab UK Psychological Skills Intervention Study. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00413
Differential effects of aerobic exercise, resistance training and combined exercise modalities on cholesterol and the lipid profile: review, synthesis and recommendations
Beedie, C., Mann, S. and Jimenez, A. 2014. Differential effects of aerobic exercise, resistance training and combined exercise modalities on cholesterol and the lipid profile: review, synthesis and recommendations. Sports Medicine. 44 (2), pp. 211-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0110-5
Death by effectiveness: exercise as medicine caught in the efficacy trap
Beedie, C., Mann, S., Whyte, G., Domone, S., Lane, A., Kennedy, L. and Jimenez, A. 2015. Death by effectiveness: exercise as medicine caught in the efficacy trap. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2016 (50), pp. 323-324. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094389
A method by which to assess the scalability of field-based fitness tests of cardiorespiratory fitness among schoolchildren
Beedie, C., Domone, S., Sandercock, G., Wade, M. and Mann, S. 2016. A method by which to assess the scalability of field-based fitness tests of cardiorespiratory fitness among schoolchildren. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0553-6
Comparative effects of three 48-week community-based physical activity and exercise interventions on aerobic capacity, total cholesterol and mean arterial blood pressure
Beedie, C., Jimenez, A., Domone, S. and Mann, S. 2016. Comparative effects of three 48-week community-based physical activity and exercise interventions on aerobic capacity, total cholesterol and mean arterial blood pressure. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine. 2016 (2). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000105
Is Olympic inspiration associated with fitness and physical activity in English schoolchildren? A repeated cross- sectional comparison before and 18 months after London 2012
Beedie, C., Sandercock, G. and Mann, S. 2016. Is Olympic inspiration associated with fitness and physical activity in English schoolchildren? A repeated cross- sectional comparison before and 18 months after London 2012. British Medical Journal Open. 6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011670
Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation over 5 km
Hurst, P., Coleman, D. and Saunders, S. 2015. Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation over 5 km. British Journal of Sports Medicine: International Sports Science + Sports Medicine Conference 2015 Abstracts Newcastle Upon Tyne 8–10th September 2015. 49 (Sup. 2), pp. A6-A6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095576.17
Placebo and nocebo effects during repeat sprint performance
Hurst, P., Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2016. Placebo and nocebo effects during repeat sprint performance.
Knowledge and experience of placebo effects modifies athletes’ intentions to use sport supplements
Hurst, P., Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2016. Knowledge and experience of placebo effects modifies athletes’ intentions to use sport supplements.
Illegal drug use damages the ethos of sport and risks the health of athletes
Beedie, C. 2016. Illegal drug use damages the ethos of sport and risks the health of athletes. Canterbury Christ Church University.
Validity and reliability of critical power field testing
Karsten, B., Jobson, S., Hopker, J., Stevens, L. and Beedie, C. 2015. Validity and reliability of critical power field testing. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 115 (1), pp. 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3001-z
The BASES expert statement on emotion regulation in sport
Lane, A., Beedie, C., Jones, M., Uphill, M. and Devonport, T. 2012. The BASES expert statement on emotion regulation in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences. 30 (11), pp. 1189-1195. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.693621
The BASES expert statement on emotion regulation in sport: produced on behalf of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences
Lane, A., Beedie, C., Jones, M., Uphill, M. and Devenport, T. 2011. The BASES expert statement on emotion regulation in sport: produced on behalf of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. The Sport and Exercise Scientist. 29, pp. 14-15.
Placebo effect of an inert gel on experimentally induced leg muscle pain
Hopker, J., Foad, A., Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Leach, G. 2010. Placebo effect of an inert gel on experimentally induced leg muscle pain. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. 1, pp. 215-221.
Mood and performance: test of a conceptual model with a focus on depressed mood
Lane, A., Terry, P., Beedie, C., Curry, D. and Clark, N. 2001. Mood and performance: test of a conceptual model with a focus on depressed mood. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2 (3), pp. 157-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00007-3
Caffeine works: whether you believe it or not: evidence for pharmacological effects of caffeine ingestion on 40km cycling performance
Foad, A., Beedie, C. and Coleman, D. 2006. Caffeine works: whether you believe it or not: evidence for pharmacological effects of caffeine ingestion on 40km cycling performance.
Placebo effects of ergogenic aids in sports performance: experimental, psychometric and interview data
Beedie, C., Foad, A., Coleman, D. and Uphill, M. 2006. Placebo effects of ergogenic aids in sports performance: experimental, psychometric and interview data.
Is caffeine all in the head? Evidence for the placebo effects attributable to caffeine in cycling performance
Beedie, C., Stuart, E., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2006. Is caffeine all in the head? Evidence for the placebo effects attributable to caffeine in cycling performance.
Preparing students for the real world
Beedie, C. 2005. Preparing students for the real world. Sport and Exercise Scientist. 6.
Possible implications of nervous system-immune system links in sports rehabilitation
Beedie, C. and Hopker, J. 2005. Possible implications of nervous system-immune system links in sports rehabilitation. SportEX Medicine.
Potential for the use of the placebo effect in sport rehabilitation
Beedie, C. and Hopker, J. 2005. Potential for the use of the placebo effect in sport rehabilitation. SportEX Medicine.
Mood matters: a response to Mellalieu
Lane, A., Beedie, C. and Stevens, M. 2005. Mood matters: a response to Mellalieu. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 17 (4), pp. 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200500313610
Beliefs versus reality, or beliefs as reality? The placebo effect in sport and exercise
Beedie, C. and Foad, A. 2008. Beliefs versus reality, or beliefs as reality? The placebo effect in sport and exercise. in: Lane, A. (ed.) Sport and Exercise Psychology London Hodder Education. pp. 211-225
Identification of placebo responsive participants in 40km laboratory cycling performance
Beedie, C., Foad, A. and Coleman, D. 2008. Identification of placebo responsive participants in 40km laboratory cycling performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 7 (1), pp. 166-175.
Pharmacological and psychological effects of caffeine ingestion in 40-km cycling performance
Foad, A., Beedie, C. and Coleman, D. 2008. Pharmacological and psychological effects of caffeine ingestion in 40-km cycling performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 40 (1), pp. 158-165. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181593e02
Towards empirical distinctions between emotion and mood: a subjective contextual model
Beedie, C. 2007. Towards empirical distinctions between emotion and mood: a subjective contextual model. in: Lane, A. (ed.) Mood and Human Performance: Conceptual, Measurement and Applied Issues New York Nova Science Publishers. pp. 63-87
Positive and negative placebo effects resulting from the deceptive administration of an ergogenic aid
Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2007. Positive and negative placebo effects resulting from the deceptive administration of an ergogenic aid. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 17 (3), pp. 259-269.
Placebo effects of caffeine on cycling performance
Beedie, C., Stuart, E., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2006. Placebo effects of caffeine on cycling performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 38 (12), pp. 2159-2164. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000233805.56315.a9
Distinctions between emotion and mood
Beedie, C., Terry, P. and Lane, A. 2005. Distinctions between emotion and mood. Cognition & Emotion. 19 (6), pp. 847-878. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930541000057
Placebo effects in competitive sport: qualitative data
Beedie, C. 2007. Placebo effects in competitive sport: qualitative data. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 6 (1), pp. 21-28.
The placebo effect in sports performance: a brief review
Beedie, C. and Foad, A. 2009. The placebo effect in sports performance: a brief review. Sports Medicine. 39 (4), pp. 313-329. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939040-00004