A laboratory and field comparison of gross efficiency at an absolute, relative and performance intensity

Lecture

Saunders, S., Brown, M. and Coleman, D. 2014. A laboratory and field comparison of gross efficiency at an absolute, relative and performance intensity.
AuthorsSaunders, S., Brown, M. and Coleman, D.
TypeLecture
Description

Gross efficiency is a measure of the ability to convert stored energy into power and is included as an important element in the majority of performance models. Currently, gross efficiency measured in a laboratory is assumed to be representative of outdoor cycling, despite limited empirical research in the field. PURPOSE: To investigate gross efficiency in an outdoor environment and explore the relationship between laboratory testing at an absolute, relative and Time-Trial (TT) performance intensity. METHODS: 18 trained male cyclists (age 40.6±9.4 yrs, mass 82.7±13.7 kg, maximum minute power MMP370.4±43.8 W.min-1, VO2max 45.3±24.1 ml.kg-1.min-1) completed a VO2max test inthe laboratory prior to efficiency measurement. Participants cycled at 150W, 60%MMP and completed a 16.109 km TT both in a laboratory and at a closed road circuit. Laboratory (L) and field (F) based tests were randomised and the same portable gas analysis device used for both conditions. Laboratory testing was performed on a stationary ergometer and field testing on the participants’ road bicycle fitted with a power wheel device. RESULTS: Gross efficiency was significantly lower in the field compared to laboratory testing; 150W (L: 20.4%, F: 18.4%), 60% MMP (L: 23.2%,F: 21.3%) and during TT performance (L: 24.5%, F: 21.7%), (p<0.001 in all cases).There was a significant positive relationship between laboratory and field based gross efficiency when measured at 60% MMP (r=0.61, p=0.008) and TT performance intensity (r=0.65, p=0.005), but not at 150W (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence to support the measurement of gross efficiency at performance intensities in the laboratory. These results demonstrate that the measurement of gross efficiency in a field based environment is significantly lower than laboratory measures. These novel findings could be used to optimise outdoor training intensities which otherwise would not have accounted for the observed reductions in gross efficiency. Furthermore these results show the possibility for the underestimation of energy expenditure whilst cycling outside as opposed to a laboratory environment.

Year2014
ConferenceAmerican College of Sports Medicine
Publication process dates
Deposited16 Sep 2014
Output statusPublished
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Coleman, D. 2012. The physiological demands of road cycling. in: Hopker, J. and Jobson, S. (ed.) Performance Cycling: The Science of Success London Bloomsbury. pp. 2-19
Reliability of cycling gross efficiency using the Douglas bag method
Hopker, J., Jobson, S., Gregson, H. and Coleman, D. 2012. Reliability of cycling gross efficiency using the Douglas bag method. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 44 (2), pp. 290-296. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31822cb0d2
The effect of the rotor crank system on time-trial cycling performance
Coleman, D., Hopker, J., Jobson, S., Galbraith, A. and Nevill, A. 2008. The effect of the rotor crank system on time-trial cycling performance.
A comparison of performance related responses during a 16km time trial between senior and veteran cyclists
Balmer, J., Coleman, D., Davison, R., Smith, M. and Bird, S. 1998. A comparison of performance related responses during a 16km time trial between senior and veteran cyclists.
Pedal forces and gross efficiency in cyclists
Coleman, D. 2009. Pedal forces and gross efficiency in cyclists.
Effects of walking to and from school on primary school children
Woolf-May, K., Ford, P., Swaine, I., Coleman, D. and Bailey, R. 2007. Effects of walking to and from school on primary school children. Pediatric Exercise Science. 19 (4).
Activation and contribution of trunk and leg musculature to force production during on-water sprint kayak performance
Brown, M., Lauder, M. and Dyson, R. 2010. Activation and contribution of trunk and leg musculature to force production during on-water sprint kayak performance.
The effect of two different 18-week walking programmes on aerobic fitness, selected blood lipids and factor XIIa
Woolf-May, K., Kearney, E., Jones, D., Davison, C., Coleman, D. and Bird, S. 1998. The effect of two different 18-week walking programmes on aerobic fitness, selected blood lipids and factor XIIa. Journal of Sports Sciences. 16 (8), pp. 701-710. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404198366335
Placebo effect of an inert gel on experimentally induced leg muscle pain
Hopker, J., Foad, A., Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Leach, G. 2010. Placebo effect of an inert gel on experimentally induced leg muscle pain. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. 1, pp. 215-221.
Effects of isometric exercise training intensity upon reductions in resting systolic blood pressure
Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and Swaine, I. 2008. Effects of isometric exercise training intensity upon reductions in resting systolic blood pressure.
A novel method for the performance of isometric exercise in the home
Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Dunford, M. and Swaine, I. 2004. A novel method for the performance of isometric exercise in the home.
The precision with which isometric exercise training can be performed according to a given heart rate
Swaine, I., Wiles, J. and Coleman, D. 2008. The precision with which isometric exercise training can be performed according to a given heart rate.
Effects of three types of isometric leg exercise at the same relative exercise intensities on blood pressure
Swaine, I., Wiles, J., Dunford, M. and Coleman, D. 2004. Effects of three types of isometric leg exercise at the same relative exercise intensities on blood pressure.
The freely chosen contribution of the leg kick to the total power during simulated front crawl swimming on a onland ergometer
Swaine, I., Dunford, M., Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Hunter, A. and Carlton, K. 2006. The freely chosen contribution of the leg kick to the total power during simulated front crawl swimming on a onland ergometer.
The reliability of maximal power and 40km outdoor time trial cycling performance
Smith, M., Davison, R., Coleman, D., Balmer, J. and Bird, S. 2000. The reliability of maximal power and 40km outdoor time trial cycling performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 32 (S291).
The effect of different lactate elevation protocols on the lactate minimum
Smith, M., Davison, R., Balmer, J., Coleman, D. and Bird, S. 1999. The effect of different lactate elevation protocols on the lactate minimum. Journal of Sports Sciences. 17, pp. 44-45.
Physiological responses during cycle time trials: variable versus constant power output
Kirkland, A. and Coleman, D. 2009. Physiological responses during cycle time trials: variable versus constant power output. Journal of Sports Sciences. 26 (S130).
Reliability of time to exhaustion at critical power
Kirkland, A. and Coleman, D. 2006. Reliability of time to exhaustion at critical power.
Reliability of time to exhaustion at critical power
Kirkland, A. and Coleman, D. 2006. Reliability of time to exhaustion at critical power.
The effect of the Rotor crank system on time-trial cycling performance
Hopker, J., Jobson, S., Galbraith, A., Coleman, D. and Nevill, A. 2009. The effect of the Rotor crank system on time-trial cycling performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. 26 (S112).
Relationships between gross, delta and pedalling efficiency
Hopker, J. and Coleman, D. 2006. Relationships between gross, delta and pedalling efficiency.
Differences in daily activity levels, dietary energy intake and body composition in primary school children who walk to and from school compared to those who travel by car
Ford, P., Bailey, R., Coleman, D., Woolf-May, K. and Swaine, I. 2006. Differences in daily activity levels, dietary energy intake and body composition in primary school children who walk to and from school compared to those who travel by car.
Caffeine works: whether you believe it or not: evidence for pharmacological effects of caffeine ingestion on 40km cycling performance
Foad, A., Beedie, C. and Coleman, D. 2006. Caffeine works: whether you believe it or not: evidence for pharmacological effects of caffeine ingestion on 40km cycling performance.
The effect of altering ramp rate on the determination of lactate minimum in cyclists
Davison, R., Coleman, D., Balmer, J. and Bird, S. 1998. The effect of altering ramp rate on the determination of lactate minimum in cyclists. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 30 (S306).
Variability of power output during 40km outdoor time-trial cycling performance
Davison, R., Smith, M., Coleman, D., Balmer, J. and Bird, S. 2000. Variability of power output during 40km outdoor time-trial cycling performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 32 (S291).
The reliability of power output recorded during a maximal aerobic power test using an SRM powercrank and Kingcycle test rig
Davison, R., Balmer, J., Morgan, G., Coleman, D. and Bird, S. 2000. The reliability of power output recorded during a maximal aerobic power test using an SRM powercrank and Kingcycle test rig. Journal of Sports Sciences. 18, pp. 29-30.
Correlates of cycling hill climb ability
Coleman, D., Davison, R., Swan, D. and Bird, S. 1997. Correlates of cycling hill climb ability. Journal of Sports Sciences. 15 (1), pp. 42-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404197367560
The effect of gradient upon cardio respiratory responses and gross mechanical efficiency at the same power output during cycling
Coleman, D., Davison, R., Balmer, J., Proffitt, A., Theakston, S. and Bird, S. 1998. The effect of gradient upon cardio respiratory responses and gross mechanical efficiency at the same power output during cycling. Journal of Sports Sciences. 16 (26).
The energy demands of competitive road race cycling
Coleman, D., Davison, R., Balmer, J., Nunn, M. and Bird, S. 1998. The energy demands of competitive road race cycling. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 30 (S305).
The effect of prior cycling on the relationship between maximal test parameters and simulated hill climb performance
Coleman, D., Bird, S. and Davison, R. 2002. The effect of prior cycling on the relationship between maximal test parameters and simulated hill climb performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. 20, pp. 18-19.
The effect of creatine supplementation on endurance performance
Coleman, D., Passfield, L., Hales, T. and Wright, M. 1995. The effect of creatine supplementation on endurance performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. 13, pp. 23-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419508732212
Placebo effects of ergogenic aids in sports performance: experimental, psychometric and interview data
Beedie, C., Foad, A., Coleman, D. and Uphill, M. 2006. Placebo effects of ergogenic aids in sports performance: experimental, psychometric and interview data.
Is caffeine all in the head? Evidence for the placebo effects attributable to caffeine in cycling performance
Beedie, C., Stuart, E., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2006. Is caffeine all in the head? Evidence for the placebo effects attributable to caffeine in cycling performance.
Maximal power predicts outdoor 16 and 40km cycling time trial power but not performance time
Balmer, J., Smith, M., Davison, R., Coleman, D. and Bird, S. 2000. Maximal power predicts outdoor 16 and 40km cycling time trial power but not performance time. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 32 (S292).
A comparison of power output recorded by an SRM powercrank and Kingcycle test rig
Balmer, J., Davison, R., Coleman, D. and Bird, S. 2000. A comparison of power output recorded by an SRM powercrank and Kingcycle test rig. Journal of Sports Sciences. 18, pp. 27-28.
Blood lactate and cardio-respiratory responses when cycling for 70min at lactate minimum power output
Balmer, J., Coleman, D., Davison, R., Theakston, S. and Bird, S. 1998. Blood lactate and cardio-respiratory responses when cycling for 70min at lactate minimum power output. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 30, pp. 306-306.
A comparison of ventilatory responses during a ramp test between senior and veteran cyclists
Balmer, J., Coleman, D., Davison, R., Theakston, S. and Bird, S. 1998. A comparison of ventilatory responses during a ramp test between senior and veteran cyclists. Journal of Sports Sciences. 16, pp. 35-36.
A comparison of performance related responses during a 16-km time trial
Balmer, J., Coleman, D., Davison, R., Smith, M. and Bird, S. 1998. A comparison of performance related responses during a 16-km time trial.
A comparison of the blood lactate responses in senior and veteran cyclists during a 16-km time trial
Balmer, J., Coleman, D., Davison, R. and Bird, S. 1999. A comparison of the blood lactate responses in senior and veteran cyclists during a 16-km time trial. Journal of Sports Sciences. 17, pp. 25-25.
The correlation of blood lactate assessments with 16km cycling time-trial performance: the effect of age
Balmer, J., Coleman, D., Davison, R. and Bird, S. 1997. The correlation of blood lactate assessments with 16km cycling time-trial performance: the effect of age. Journal of Sports Sciences. 15, pp. 37-37.
The relationship between selected cardiovascular variables and exercise intensity during continuous and discontinuous incremental exercise tests
Allum, S., Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and Swaine, I. 2006. The relationship between selected cardiovascular variables and exercise intensity during continuous and discontinuous incremental exercise tests.
Assessment of blood lactate: practical evaluation of the Biosen 5030 lactate analyzer
Davison, R., Coleman, D., Balmer, J., Nunn, M., Theakston, S., Burrows, M. and Bird, S. 2000. Assessment of blood lactate: practical evaluation of the Biosen 5030 lactate analyzer. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 32 (1), pp. 243-247.
The validity of power output recorded during exercise performance tests using a Kingcycle air-braked cycle ergometer when compared with an SRM powermeter
Balmer, J., Davison, R., Coleman, D. and Bird, S. 2000. The validity of power output recorded during exercise performance tests using a Kingcycle air-braked cycle ergometer when compared with an SRM powermeter. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 21 (3), pp. 195-199. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-9466
Familiarisation and reliability of sprint test indices during laboratory and field assessment
Hopker, J., Coleman, D., Wiles, J. and Galbraith, A. 2009. Familiarisation and reliability of sprint test indices during laboratory and field assessment. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 8 (4), pp. 528-532.
Changes in cycling efficiency during a competitive season
Hopker, J., Coleman, D. and Passfield, L. 2009. Changes in cycling efficiency during a competitive season. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 41 (4), pp. 912-919. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818f2ab2
Occurrence of injury during officer safety training at Kent Police
Andrew, J., Henry, T., Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2009. Occurrence of injury during officer safety training at Kent Police. The Police Journal. 82 (3), pp. 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1350/pojo.2009.82.3.455
Effect of the Rotor crank system on cycling performance
Jobson, S., Hopker, J., Galbraith, A., Coleman, D. and Nevill, A. 2009. Effect of the Rotor crank system on cycling performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 8 (3), pp. 463-467.
The effects of training on gross efficiency in cycling: a review
Hopker, J., Passfield, L., Coleman, D., Jobson, S., Edwards, L. and Carter, H. 2009. The effects of training on gross efficiency in cycling: a review. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 30 (12), pp. 845-850. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1237712
The effects of performing isometric training at two exercise intensities in healthy young males
Wiles, J., Coleman, D. and Swaine, I. 2010. The effects of performing isometric training at two exercise intensities in healthy young males. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 108 (3), pp. 419-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1025-6
The effect of training volume and intensity on competitive cyclists’ efficiency
Hopker, J., Coleman, D., Passfield, L. and Wiles, J. 2010. The effect of training volume and intensity on competitive cyclists’ efficiency. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 35 (1), pp. 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1139/H09-124
Reproducibility of limb power outputs and cardiopulmonary responses to exercise using a novel swimming training machine
Swaine, I., Hunter, A., Carlton, K., Wiles, J. and Coleman, D. 2010. Reproducibility of limb power outputs and cardiopulmonary responses to exercise using a novel swimming training machine. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 31 (12), pp. 854-859. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1265175
Identification of placebo responsive participants in 40km laboratory cycling performance
Beedie, C., Foad, A. and Coleman, D. 2008. Identification of placebo responsive participants in 40km laboratory cycling performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 7 (1), pp. 166-175.
Determination of the lactate minimum points in cyclists
Davison, R., Coleman, D. and Bird, S. 1997. Determination of the lactate minimum points in cyclists. Journal of Sports Sciences. 15, pp. 45-46.
Correlates of simulated hill climb cycling performance
Davison, R., Swan, D., Coleman, D. and Bird, S. 2000. Correlates of simulated hill climb cycling performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. 18 (2), pp. 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404100365171
Activity levels, dietary energy intake, and body composition in children who walk to school
Ford, P., Bailey, R., Coleman, D., Woolf-May, K. and Swaine, I. 2007. Activity levels, dietary energy intake, and body composition in children who walk to school. Pediatric Exercise Science. 19 (4), pp. 393-407.
Pharmacological and psychological effects of caffeine ingestion in 40-km cycling performance
Foad, A., Beedie, C. and Coleman, D. 2008. Pharmacological and psychological effects of caffeine ingestion in 40-km cycling performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 40 (1), pp. 158-165. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181593e02
Validity and reliability of the Ergomopro Powermeter
Kirkland, A., Coleman, D., Wiles, J. and Hopker, J. 2008. Validity and reliability of the Ergomopro Powermeter. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 29 (11), pp. 913-916. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038621
The relationships between exercise intensity, heart rate, and blood pressure during an incremental isometric exercise test
Wiles, J., Allum, S., Coleman, D. and Swaine, I. 2007. The relationships between exercise intensity, heart rate, and blood pressure during an incremental isometric exercise test. Journal of Sports Sciences. 26 (2), pp. 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701370655
A novel method for the performance of isometric exercise in the home
Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Dunford, M. and Swaine, I. 2005. A novel method for the performance of isometric exercise in the home. Journal of Sports Sciences. 23 (8), pp. 795-803. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021658
The effects of caffeine ingestion on performance time, speed and power during a laboratory-based 1 km cycling time-trial
Wiles, J., Coleman, D., Tegerdine, M. and Swaine, I. 2006. The effects of caffeine ingestion on performance time, speed and power during a laboratory-based 1 km cycling time-trial. Journal of Sports Sciences. 24 (11), pp. 1165-1171. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457687
Differences in efficiency between trained and recreational cyclists
Hopker, J., Coleman, D. and Wiles, J. 2007. Differences in efficiency between trained and recreational cyclists. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 32 (6), pp. 1036-1042. https://doi.org/10.1139/H07-070
Method of lactate elevation does not affect the determination of the lactate minimum
Smith, M., Balmer, J., Coleman, D. and Bird, S. 2002. Method of lactate elevation does not affect the determination of the lactate minimum. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 34 (11), pp. 1744-1749. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200211000-00009
Reliability of sprint test indices in well-trained cyclists
Coleman, D., Wiles, J., Nunn, M. and Smith, M. 2005. Reliability of sprint test indices in well-trained cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 26 (5), pp. 383-387. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-821226
Power output measurement during treadmill cycling
Coleman, D., Wiles, J., Davison, R., Smith, M. and Swaine, I. 2007. Power output measurement during treadmill cycling. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 28 (6), pp. 525-530. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-955888
Positive and negative placebo effects resulting from the deceptive administration of an ergogenic aid
Beedie, C., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2007. Positive and negative placebo effects resulting from the deceptive administration of an ergogenic aid. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 17 (3), pp. 259-269.
Placebo effects of caffeine on cycling performance
Beedie, C., Stuart, E., Coleman, D. and Foad, A. 2006. Placebo effects of caffeine on cycling performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 38 (12), pp. 2159-2164. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000233805.56315.a9