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2. FORUM, Renewing public education: proposals for an inclusive, democratic and
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3. R. Williams, Resources of Hope: culture, democracy, socialism, London, Verso, 1989.
4. J. Rose, The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes, 3rd ed., New Haven, CT,
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5. L. West, Distress in the city; racism, fundamentalism and a democratic education,
London, Trentham/UCL Books, 2016.
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54 forum | issue no. 66:3
7. L. Nandy, All In: how we build a country that works, Manchester, HarperNorth,
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8. West, 2016, op. cit.
9. Undercover Benefits Cheat, Channel 5.
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11. West, 2016, op. cit.
12. A. Mak, ‘Spheres of justice in the 1942 Betteshanger miners’ strike: an essay in
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14. Ministry of Reconstruction, Adult Education Committee, Final Report, Cmd
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15. West, 2024, op. cit.
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19. Goldman, 1995, op. cit.
20. ‘Bevin Boys’ were young men conscripted to work in coal mines to increase
production between 1943 and 1948. The programme was named after Ernest
Bevin, the former general secretary of the Transport and General Workers’ Union,
who became minister of labour and national service in Churchill’s Second World
War coalition government, and foreign secretary in Attlee’s Labour governments,
1945-51.
21. Kingsgate was a short-term residential college for adults in Broadstairs, Kent.
Owned by the YMCA, its warden, Eric Bellchambers, had previously been the
WEA’s south eastern district secretary. It was a regular venue for WEA/university
residential courses during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.
22. M. Pitt, The World on our Backs: the Kent miners and the 1972 miners’ strike,
London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1979.
23. R. Williams, Border Country, London, Hogarth Press, 1988.
24. R. Gildea, The Backbone of the Nation: mining communities and the great strike of
1984-85, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2023.
25. West, 2016, op. cit.
26. J. McIlroy, ‘The unknown Raymond Williams’, in J. McIlroy and S. Westwood
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(eds), Border Country, Raymond Williams in Adult Education, Leicester, NIACE, 1993.
27. C. Higgins, ‘Levelling up has failed in my home town of Stoke. For hope
there, look to the arts’, The Guardian, 19 June 2024: https://www.theguardian.com/
commentisfree/article/2024/jun/19/stoke-on-trent-optimism-arts-levelling-up.
28. West, 2016, op. cit.
29. Ibid.
30. L. West, ‘Class matters, then and now: adult education, class and the
psychosocial’, Sisyphus, 12, 1, 2024, pp59-82: https://revistas.rcaap.pt/sisyphus L. West, ‘Class matters, then and now: adult education, class and the
psychosocial’, Sisyphus, 12, 1, 2024, pp59-82 |
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