Abstract | Introduction: This study investigated the scope of practice of CT head reporting radiographers in the UK, and to compare adherence to professional body standards. Methods: An online questionnaire was utilised applying both multiple-choice and response (closed questions), and qualitative open question free-text responses. The 30 questions covered four key areas of demographics, the scope of practice, referrals, and ongoing competence, as described in professional body national guidance standards. The questionnaire was disseminated (convenience sampling) via Twitter and email to the National CT Head Reporting Special Interest Group. Responses were transcribed and coded; the results applied descriptive statistics to summarise observations of the study sample. Results: The sample of participant response data analysed was n=54. Most respondents were from England, with a postgraduate certificate award in clinical reporting, and a mean length of 8.3 years of reporting experience. The accepted referral pathway included a wide range of medical and surgical specialities, including both in and outpatients and acute and chronic pathways. Furthermore, 96.2% of the sample had a scope of practice that authorised referral recommendations to a broad and inclusive group of medical and surgical teams, and if required further or repeat diagnostic imaging. To maintain quality and evidence of ongoing competency, all radiographers were involved in audit cycles. Conclusion: The data collected confirmed the reporting practice within this sample group aligns to national recommended guidance. The data provided key information on the range and variation of individuals scope of practice within age restrictions of patients, examination types, referral teams, and ongoing competency practices. Implications for practice: This paper details the scope of practice of CT head reporting by radiographers and the contribution made to the healthcare sector. |
---|
References | 1. NHS England. Diagnostic Imaging Dataset Statistical Release. February 2019. https://www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/2019/06/20/diagnostic-imaging-... 2. The Royal College of Radiologists. Clinical Radiology: UK workforce census 2018 report. London: The Royal College of Radiologists; 2018. https://www.rcr.ac.uk/system/files/publication/field_publication_fil... 3. Department of Health. Radiography skills mix: a report on the four-tier service delivery model. London. London: HMSO; 2003. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http:/www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4007123&chk=J/aahA 4. The Royal College of Radiologists and the Society and College of Radiographers. Team working in clinical imaging. London: The Royal College of Radiologists and the Society and College of Radiographers; 2012. http://www.sor.org/sites/default/files/document-versions/BFCR(12)9_Team.pdf 5. The Royal College of Radiologists. The radiology crisis in Scotland: sustainable solutions are needed now. London: The Royal College of Radiologists; 9 February 2017. https://www.rcr.ac.uk/posts/radiology-crisis-scotland-sustainable-so... 6. Craven CM, Blanshard KS. Computed tomography (CT) head scans reported by an experienced CT radiographer. Radiography. 1997;3(2):105-11. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1078817497900158 7. Gallagher FA, Tay KY, Vowler SL, Szutowicz H, Cross JJ, McAuley DJ, et al. Comparing the accuracy of initial head CT reporting by radiologists, radiology trainees, neuroradiographers and emergency doctors. Br J Radiol 2011;84(1007):1040e5. https://www.birpublications.org/doi/full/10.1259/bjr/24581602 8. Lockwood P. Observer Performance in Computed Tomography Head Reporting. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Science. 2017 (48) p.22-29. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1939865416300972 9. Lockwood P, Piper K. AFROC analysis of reporting radiographer's performance in CT head interpretation. Radiography. 2015 Aug 31;21(3):e90-5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1078817415000504 10. Lockwood P, Piper K, Pittock L. CT head reporting by radiographers: Results of an accredited postgraduate programme. Radiography. 2015 Aug 31;21(3):e85-9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1078817414001540 11. Clarke R, Allen D, Arnold P, Snaith B. Implementing radiographic CT head reporting: the experiences of students and managers. Radiography. 2014 May 1;20(2):117-20. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107881741300151X 12. The Society of Radiographers. The role of the radiographer in computed tomography imaging. 10 April 2017. https://www.sor.org/printpdf/book/export/html/17925 13. The Society of Radiographers. Stroke Imaging Services: guidance and advice. London: The Society and College of Radiographers; 2015. https://www.sor.org/printpdf/book/export/html/13583 14. The Care Quality Commission. Radiology review: A national review of radiology reporting within the NHS England. London, The Care Quality Commission; July 2018. https://www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/files/20180718-radiology-report... 15. National CT Head Reporting User Group Guidelines. Scheme of work (independent) Cranial CT reporting by radiographers. London: The Society of Radiographers; 2018. Available from: https://www.sor.org/system/files/article/201211. 16. The Society and College of Radiographers. Preliminary Clinical Evaluation and Clinical Reporting by Radiographers: Policy and Practice Guidance. London: The Society and College of Radiographers; 2013. https://www.sor.org/printpdf/book/export/html/9197 17. The Royal College of Radiologists. Standards for interpretation and reporting of imaging investigations (Second edition). London: The Royal College of Radiologists; 2018. https://www.rcr.ac.uk/system/files/publication/field_publication_fil... 18. The Health and Care Professions Council. Standards of Proficiency: Radiographers. London: The Health and Care Professions Council; 2013. https://www.hcpc-uk.org/globalassets/resources/standards/standards-o... 19. Bolderston A, Watson J, Woznitza N, Westerink A, Di Prospero L, Currie G, Beardmore C, Hewis J. Twitter journal clubs and continuing professional development: An analysis of a# MedRadJClub tweet chat. Radiography. 2018 Feb 1;24(1):3-8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107881741730161X 20. Boyd L, Lawson C, Di Prospero L, Tan K, Matthews K, Singh N. Use of Online Media for Professional Development Amongst Medical Radiation Practitioners in Australia and Canada. Journal of medical imaging and radiation sciences. 2018 Jun 1;49(2):187-93. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1939865417303788 21. Lockwood P. Exploring variation and trends in adherence to national occupational standards for reporting radiographers. Journal of Social Science & Allied Health Professions. 2017 March 1(1) e20-27. https://nebula.wsimg.com/5e0c89494740609c80d0bd840d8eda78?AccessKeyI... 22. Brealey S. Measuring the effects of image interpretation: an evaluative framework. Clinical radiology. 2001 May 1;56(5):341-7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009926001906786 23. Powell DK, Silberzweig JE. State of structured reporting in radiology, a survey. Academic radiology. 2015 Feb 1;22(2):226-33. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1076633214003407 24. Hong Y, Kahn CE. Content analysis of reporting templates and free-text radiology reports. Journal of digital imaging. 2013 Oct 1;26(5):843-9. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10278-013-9597-4 25. Martin-Carreras T, Cook TS, Kahn Jr CE. Readability of radiology reports: implications for patient-centered care. Clinical imaging. 2019 Mar 1; 54:116-20. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899707118303267 26. Healthcare Safety Investigations Branch. Failures in communication or follow-up of unexpected significant radiological findings l2018/015. Farnborough: Healthcare Safety Investigations Branch; 2018. https://www.hsib.org.uk/documents/135/hsib_report_failures_communica... 27. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attach in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. NG128. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng128 28. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in children, young people and adults. CG176. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2017. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg176 29. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Guideline scope: Subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by a ruptured aneurysm: diagnosis and management. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2018. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/gid-ng10097/documents/draft-scope 30. Mabotuwana T, Hombal V, Dalal S, Hall CS, Gunn M. Determining adherence to follow-up imaging recommendations. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 2018 Mar 1;15(3):422-8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1546144017314758 31. Galinato A, Alvin MD, Yousem DM. Lost to Follow-Up: Analysis of Never-Viewed Radiology Examinations. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 2019 Apr 1;16(4):478-81. https://www.jacr.org/article/S1546-1440(18)31050-0/abstract 32. Baccei SJ, DiRoberto C, Greene J, Rosen MP. Improving Communication of Actionable Findings in Radiology Imaging Studies and Procedures Using an EMR-Independent System. Journal of medical systems. 2019 Feb 1;43(2):30. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10916-018-1150-z 33. Brealey S, King DG, Hahn S, Godfrey C, Crowe MT, Bloor K, Crane S, Longsworth D. The costs and effects of introducing selectively trained radiographers to an A&E reporting service: a retrospective controlled before and after study. The British journal of radiology. 2005 Jun;78(930):499-505. https://www.birpublications.org/doi/full/10.1259/bjr/51196310 34. Hardy M, Hutton J, Snaith B. Is a radiographer led immediate reporting service for emergency department referrals a cost-effective initiative? Radiography. 2013 Feb 1;19(1):23-7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1078817412000995 35. Hardy M, Snaith B, Scally A. The impact of immediate reporting on interpretive discrepancies and patient referral pathways within the emergency department: a randomised controlled trial. The British journal of radiology. 2013 Jan;86(1021):20120112. https://www.birpublications.org/doi/full/10.1259/bjr.20120112 36. Hardy M, Johnson L, Sharples R, Boynes S, Irving D. Does radiography advanced practice improve patient outcomes and health service quality? A systematic review. The British journal of radiology. 2016 Jun;89(1062):20151066. https://www.birpublications.org/doi/full/10.1259/bjr.20151066 37. NHS Improvement and NHS England. Allied health professions supporting patient flow: a quick guide. London: NHS England; 2018. https://improvement.nhs.uk/documents/2485/AHPs_supporting_patient_fl... 38. Woznitza N, Devaraj A, Janes SM, Duffy SW, Bhowmik A, Rowe S, Piper K, Maughn S, Baldwin DR. Impact of radiographer immediate reporting of chest X-rays from general practice on the lung cancer pathway (radioX): study protocol for a randomised control trial. Trials. 2017 Dec;18(1):521. 39. Woznitza N, Piper K, Rowe S, Bhowmik A. Immediate reporting of chest X-rays referred from general practice by reporting radiographers: a single centre feasibility study. Clinical radiology. 2018 May 1;73(5):507-e1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009926017305366 40. Donovan, T, Manning, DJ. Successful reporting by non-medical practitioners such as radiographers, will always be task-specific and limited in scope. Radiography 2006; 12(1); pp 7-12. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1078817405000052 41. Herring S, Rogers A. Workforce innovation delivers “prompt, efficient, cost effective and safe clinical imaging services”. The British Institute of Radiology, Society and College of Radiographers and InHealth 2017 June https://www.bir.org.uk/media/352283/workforce_innovation_a4.pdf 42. Health Education England. Exploring the Role of Allied Health Professionals in the Care of People Affected by Cancer: The Patient and Practitioner Voices project. London: Health Education England; 2019 https://www.hee.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/documents/The%20Role%20of... 43. NHS England. Cancer Workforce Plan. Phase 1: Delivering the cancer strategy to 2021. London: NHS England; 2017. https://www.hee.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Cancer%20Workfo... 44. NHS England. Allied Health Professions into Action: Using Allied Health Professionals to transform health, care and wellbeing. 2016/17-2020/21. London: NHS England; 2017. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ahp-action-tra... |
---|