Using music interventions in the care of people with dementia

Journal article


Skingley, A., McCue, J. and Vella-Burrows, T. 2020. Using music interventions in the care of people with dementia. Nursing Standard. 35 (6), pp. 55-60. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2020.e11560
AuthorsSkingley, A., McCue, J. and Vella-Burrows, T.
Abstract

The therapeutic properties of music have been recognised since antiquity. There is now a growing evidence-base to support claims to its benefit for individuals with certain health conditions, including dementia. It has been reported that music interventions can lead to improvements in cognition, behaviour and psychosocial well-being in people with the condition, as well as offering support for carers. There are a variety of types of music interventions that can be used, and it is suggested that nurses consider harnessing music’s potential as part of the care they provide. This article explores the evidence-based use of music in dementia care and outlines its potential benefits.

KeywordsClinical; Complementary therapies; Dementia; Frontotemporal dementia; Vascular dementia; Medicines; Neurology; Music
Year2020
JournalNursing Standard
Journal citation35 (6), pp. 55-60
PublisherRCNi
ISSN0029-6570
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2020.e11560
Official URLhttp://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2020.e11560
Publication dates
Online19 May 2020
Publication process dates
Accepted22 Apr 2020
Deposited03 Jun 2020
Accepted author manuscript
Output statusPublished
References

1. Alzheimer’s Society (2017) The Dementia Guide: Living Well after Diagnosis. http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-03/the_dementi... (Last accessed: 11 May 2020.)
2. Alzheimer’s Society (2018) Carers for People with Dementia Struggling in Silence. http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/news/2018-06-22/carers-people-dementia-... (Last accessed: 11 May 2020.)
3. Bannan N, Montgomery-Smith C (2008) ‘Singing for the brain’: reflections on the human capacity for music arising from a pilot study of group singing with Alzheimer’s patients. Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health. 128, 2, 73-78. doi: 10.1177/1466424007087807
4. Bowell S, Bamford SM (2018) ‘What Would Life be – Without a Song or a Dance, What are We?’ A Report from the Commission on Dementia and Music. The International Longevity Centre UK, London.
5. British Association for Music Therapy (2017) What is a Music Therapist? http://www.bamt.org/music-therapy/what-is-a-music-therapist.html (Last accessed: 11 May 2020.)
6. Burrows T (2009) Music as a therapeutic medium for engagement: training to support the wellbeing of caregivers as well as their cared-for patients. Working with Older People. 13, 3, 25-28. doi: 10.1108/13663666200900047
7. Camic PM, Tischler V, Pearson CH (2014) Viewing and making art together: a multi-session art-gallery-based intervention for people with dementia and their carers. Aging & Mental Health. 18, 2, 161-168. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2013.818101
8. Camic PM, Williams CM, Meeten F (2013) Does a ‘singing together group’ improve the quality of life of people with a dementia and their carers? A pilot evaluation study. Dementia. 12, 2, 157-176. doi: 10.1177/1471301211422761
9. Cooke ML, Moyle W, Shum DH et al (2010) A randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of music on agitated behaviours and anxiety in older people with dementia. Aging & Mental Health. 14, 8, 905-916. doi: 10.1080/13607861003713190
10. Creavin ST, Wisniewski S, Noel-Storr AH et al (2016) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of dementia in clinically unevaluated people aged 65 and over in community and primary care populations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 1. CD011145. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011145.pub2
11. Cunningham S, Brill M, Whalley JH et al (2019) Assessing wellbeing in people living with dementia using reminiscence music with a mobile app (Memory Tracks): a mixed methods cohort study. Journal of Healthcare Engineering. doi: 10.1155/2019/8924273
12. Daykin N, Parry B, Ball K et al (2018) The role of participatory music making in supporting people with dementia in hospital environments. Dementia. 17, 6, 686-701. doi: 10.1177/1471301217739722
13. Engström G, Marmstäl L, Williams C et al (2011) Evaluation of communication behaviour in persons with dementia during caregivers’ singing. Nursing Reports. 1, 1, e4. doi: 10.4081/nursrep.2011.e4
14. Gibson G, Timlin A, Curran S et al (2004) The scope for qualitative research methods in research and clinical trials in dementia. Age and Ageing. 33, 4, 422-426. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afh136
15. Götell E, Brown S, Ekman SL (2009) The influence of caregiver singing and background music on vocally expressed emotions and moods in dementia care: a qualitative analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 46, 4, 422-430. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.11.001
16. Griffiths AW, Albertyn CP, Burnley NL et al (2020) Validation of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory Observation (CMAI-O) tool. International Psychogeriatrics. 32, 1, 75-85. doi: 10.1017/S1041610219000279
17. Harrison S, Cooke M, Moyle W et al (2010) Delivering a music intervention in a randomized controlled trial involving older people with dementia: musician experiences and reflections. Music and Medicine. 2, 4, 214-218. doi: 10.1177/1943862110374961
18. Hicks-Moore SL (2005) Relaxing music at mealtime in nursing homes: effects on agitated patients with dementia. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 31, 12, 26-32. doi: 10.3928/0098-9134-20051201-07
19. Holmes C, Knights A, Dean C et al (2006) Keep music live: music and the alleviation of apathy in dementia subjects. International Psychogeriatrics. 18, 4, 623-630. doi: 10.1017/S1041610206003887
20. Jacobsen JH, Stelzer J, Fritz TH et al (2015) Why musical memory can be preserved in advanced Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 138, Pt 8, 2438-2450. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv135
21. King JB, Jones KG, Goldberg E et al (2019) Increased functional connectivity after listening to favoured music in adults with Alzheimer’s dementia. Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease. 6, 1, 56-62. doi: 10.14283/jpad.2018.19
22. Kitwood T (1997) The experience of dementia. Aging & Mental Health. 1, 1, 13-22. doi: 10.1080/13607869757344
23. La Fontaine J, Jutlla K, Read K et al (2016) The Experiences, Needs and Outcomes for Carers of People with Dementia: Literature Review. http://dementiacarers.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/RSAS-ADS-Exp... (Last accessed: 11 May 2020.)
24. Lancioni GE, Bosco A, De Caro MF et al (2015) Effects of response-related music stimulation versus general music stimulation on positive participation of patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. Developmental Neurorehabilitation. 18, 3, 169-176. doi: 10.3109/17518423.2013.802388
25. McCarney R, Warner J, Iliffe S et al (2007) The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 7, 30. doi: 10.1186/147-2288-7-30
26. McDermott O, Orrell M, Ridder HM (2014) The importance of music for people with dementia: the perspectives of people with dementia, family carers, staff and music therapists. Aging & Mental Health. 18, 6, 706-716. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2013.875124
27. Music as Therapy International (2018) The Role of Music for People Living with Dementia: The Evidence Base. http://musicastherapy.org/uploads/Dementia_and_Music_Evidence_Base_L... (Last accessed: 11 May 2020.)
28. Osman SE, Tischler V, Schneider J (2016) ‘Singing for the Brain’: a qualitative study exploring the health and well-being benefits of singing for people with dementia and their carers. Dementia. 15, 6, 1326-1339. doi: 10.1177/1471301214556291
29. Palisson J, Roussel-Badet C, Maillet D et al (2015) Music enhances verbal episodic memory in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 37, 5, 503-517. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1026802
30. Roberton T, Daffern M (2020) Improving the assessment of risk for imminent aggression in older adults in residential facilities. Aggression and Violent Behaviour. 51, 101364. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2020.101364
31. Royal College of Nursing (2019) Commitment to Care of People Living with Dementia: SPACE Principles. RCN, London.
32. Ruud E (2000) Music therapy – history and cultural contexts. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy. 9, 2, 67-76. doi: 10.1080/08098130009478003
33. Särkämö T, Tervaniemi M, Laitinen S et al (2014) Cognitive, emotional, and social benefits of regular musical activities in early dementia: randomized controlled study. Gerontologist. 54, 4, 634-650. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnt100
34. Sherratt K, Thornton A, Hatton C (2004a) Music interventions for people with dementia: a review of the literature. Aging & Mental Health. 8, 1, 3-12. doi: 10.1080/13607860310001613275
35. Sherratt K, Thornton A, Hatton C (2004b) Emotional and behavioural responses to music in people with dementia: an observational study. Aging & Mental Health. 8, 3, 233-241. doi: 10.1080/13607860410001669769
36. Simmons-Stern NR, Budson AE, Ally BA (2010) Music as a memory enhancer in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia. 48, 10, 3164-3167. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.033
37. Sung HC, Lee WL, Li TI et al (2012) A group music intervention using percussion instruments with familiar music to reduce anxiety and agitation of institutionalized older adults with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 27, 6, 621-627. doi: 10.1002/gps.2761
38. Unadkat S, Camic PM, Vella-Burrows T (2017) Understanding the experience of group singing for couples where one partner has a diagnosis of dementia. The Gerontologist. 57, 3, 469-478. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnv698
39. van der Steen JT, Smaling HJA, van der Wouden JC et al (2018) Music-based therapeutic interventions for people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 7. CD003477. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003477.pub4
40. Vella-Burrows T (2012) Music in the Care of People Living with Dementia: A Cross-National Study of Staff Perspectives. http://www.artshealthresources.org.uk/docs/music-in-the-care-of-peop... (Last accessed: 11 May 2020.)
41. Vella-Burrows T (2020) The effect of personal views of care staff on the use of music in dementia care settings. In: Richards C (Ed) Living Well with Dementia Through Music. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London, 236-243.
42. Victor C, Daykin N, Mansfield L et al (2016) Music, Singing and Wellbeing for Adults Living with Dementia. http://whatworkswellbeing.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/3-systemati... (Last accessed: 11 May 2020.)
43. Wittenberg R, Hu B, Barraza-Araiza L et al (2019) Projections of Older People Living with Dementia and Costs of Dementia Care in the United Kingdom 2019-2040. CPEC Working Paper 5. London School of Economic and Political Science, London.
44. World Health Organization (2018) Towards a Dementia Plan: A WHO Guide. WHO, Geneva.
45. World Health Organization (2019) Dementia: Key Facts. http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia (Last accessed: 11 May 2020.)

Additional information

Published online only as yet

Permalink -

https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/item/8v912/using-music-interventions-in-the-care-of-people-with-dementia

Download files


Accepted author manuscript
  • 1095
    total views
  • 1229
    total downloads
  • 17
    views this month
  • 8
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Arts and creative activities for mental wellbeing during Covid-19 lockdown: report of a survey of university staff
Skingley, A., Manship, S., Pollock, N., Price, N., Price, S. and Wright, T. 2022. Arts and creative activities for mental wellbeing during Covid-19 lockdown: report of a survey of university staff.
Singing and COPD: development, implementation and evaluation of a resource to support home practice and disease self-management
Price, S. and Skingley, A. 2022. Singing and COPD: development, implementation and evaluation of a resource to support home practice and disease self-management. Journal of Music, Health and Wellbeing.
Singing and COPD: exploring the experiences of people attending a group activity
Lane, I., Cooke, D. and Skingley, A. 2022. Singing and COPD: exploring the experiences of people attending a group activity. Journal of Music, Health and Wellbeing.
Singing and COPD: a pilot randomized controlled trial of wellbeing and respiratory outcomes
Clift, S., Skingley, A., Dickinson, J. and Meadows, S. 2022. Singing and COPD: a pilot randomized controlled trial of wellbeing and respiratory outcomes. Journal of Music, Health and Wellbeing.
Dementia
Chung, P. and Vella-Burrows, T. 2021. Dementia . in: Robinson, S. (ed.) Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health: Explaining the Evidence for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion London Routledge.
The role of local radio in promoting creative engagement for healthy ageing
Vella-Burrows, T., Ewbank, N. and Philips, J. 2021. The role of local radio in promoting creative engagement for healthy ageing. Public Health. 197, pp. 26-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.05.035
Implementing the PIE (Person, Interaction and Environment) programme to improve person-centred care for people with dementia admitted to hospital wards: a qualitative evaluation
Skingley, A., Godfrey, M., Henderson, R., Manley, K., Shannon, R. and Young, J. 2021. Implementing the PIE (Person, Interaction and Environment) programme to improve person-centred care for people with dementia admitted to hospital wards: a qualitative evaluation. International Practice Development Journal. 11 (1). https://doi.org/10.19043/ipdj.111.005
Community singing, wellbeing and older people: implementing and evaluating an English singing tool for health intervention in Rome
Corvo, E., Skingley, A. and Clift, S. 2020. Community singing, wellbeing and older people: implementing and evaluating an English singing tool for health intervention in Rome. Perspectives in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913920925834
Carers Create: carer perspectives of a creative programme for people with dementia and their carers on the relationship within the (carer and cared for) dyad
Skingley, A., Billam, D., Clarke, D., Hodges, R., Jobson, I., Jobson, R., Moore, J., Vella-Burrows, T., Vickers, P., Walker, J. and West, H. 2020. Carers Create: carer perspectives of a creative programme for people with dementia and their carers on the relationship within the (carer and cared for) dyad. Dementia: The International Journal for Social Research and Practice. 20 (4), pp. 1319-1335. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301220933121
Group singing improves quality of life for people with Parkinson’s: an international study
Irons, Y., Hancox, G., Vella-Burrows, T., Hane, E-Y., Chong, H-J, Sheffield, D. and Stewart, D. 2020. Group singing improves quality of life for people with Parkinson’s: an international study. Aging & Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1720599
The effect of personal views of care staff on using music in dementia care settings.
Vella-Burrows, T. 2019. The effect of personal views of care staff on using music in dementia care settings. in: Living Well with Dementia through Music: A Resource Book for Activities Providers and Care. London pp. 236-243
Dance to Health : an evaluation of health, social and dance interest outcomes of a dance programme for the prevention of falls
Vella-Burrows, T., Pickard, A., Wilson, L., Clift, S. and Whitfield, L. 2019. Dance to Health : an evaluation of health, social and dance interest outcomes of a dance programme for the prevention of falls. Arts & Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice. 13 (2), pp. 158-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2019.1662461
Challenges of implementing and embedding a programme to improve care for people with dementia on hospital wards
Skingley, A. and Marshall, J. 2018. Challenges of implementing and embedding a programme to improve care for people with dementia on hospital wards. Nursing Older People. 30 (7), pp. 29-33. https://doi.org/10.7748/nop.2018.e1120
Implementing the PIE programme to improve person-centred care for people with dementia on hospital wards
Skingley, A. and Marshall, J. 2018. Implementing the PIE programme to improve person-centred care for people with dementia on hospital wards. in: RCN International Nursing Research Conference and Exhibition 2018: Conference Abstracts London Royal College of Nursing.
The person, interactions and environment programme to improve care of people with dementia in hospital: a multisite study
Godfrey, M., Young, J., Shannon, R., Skingley, A., Woolley, R., Arrojo, F., Brooker, D., Manley, K. and Surr, C. 2018. The person, interactions and environment programme to improve care of people with dementia in hospital: a multisite study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 6 (23). https://doi.org/https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hsdr/hsdr06230/.
Research examples from the Sidney De Haan Research Centre for Arts and Health
Clift, S., Vella-Burrows, T., Skingley, A., Shipton, M., Price, S. and Wilson, L. 2017. Research examples from the Sidney De Haan Research Centre for Arts and Health.
The work of the Sidney De Haan Research Centre for Arts & Health
Skingley, A. 2017. The work of the Sidney De Haan Research Centre for Arts & Health.
Reducing loneliness and social isolation through singing and dance
Skingley, A. 2016. Reducing loneliness and social isolation through singing and dance.
Edna: energise dance nourish art
Skingley, A., De'Ath, S. and Napleton, L. 2017. Edna: energise dance nourish art.
Singing for better breathing: findings from the Lambeth & Southwark singing and COPD project.
Clift, S., Skingley, A., Price, S., Stephens, L., Hurley, S., Dickinson, J., Meadows, S., Levai, I., Jackson, A., Sullivan, R., Wren, N., McDaid, D., Park, A., Saleem, A., Baxter, N., Rosenthuler, G. and Shah, S. 2017. Singing for better breathing: findings from the Lambeth & Southwark singing and COPD project. Canterbury Canterbury Christ Church University.
Effects of singing groups on staff well-being: a feasibility study
Skingley, A. and Ross, L. 2018. Effects of singing groups on staff well-being: a feasibility study. Nursing Standard. 33 (3), pp. 58-63.
Global perspectives on dementia and art: an international discussion about changing public health policy
Whitehouse, P., Vella-Burrows, T. and Stevenson, D. 2018. Global perspectives on dementia and art: an international discussion about changing public health policy. Dementia: The International Journal for Social Research and Practice. 17 (6), pp. 785-797. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301217739737
So happy together
Skingley, A. and Clark, N. 2018. So happy together. Nursing & Residential Care. 20 (5), pp. 213-216. https://doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2018.20.5.213
Community singing groups for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: participant perspectives
Skingley, A., Clift, S., Hurley, S., Price, S. and Stephens, L. 2018. Community singing groups for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: participant perspectives. Perspectives in Public Health. 138 (1), pp. 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913917740930
The contribution of community singing groups to the well-being of older people: participant perspectives from the United Kingdom
Skingley, A., Martin, A. and Clift, S. 2016. The contribution of community singing groups to the well-being of older people: participant perspectives from the United Kingdom. Journal of Applied Gerontology. 35 (12), pp. 1302-1324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464815577141
Dance to Health: an evaluation of health, social and artistic outcomes of a dance programme for the prevention of falls
Vella-Burrows, T., Pickard, A., Wilson, L. and Clift, S. 2017. Dance to Health: an evaluation of health, social and artistic outcomes of a dance programme for the prevention of falls. Canterbury Canterbury Christ Church University.
Evaluation of edna: arts and dance for older people
Skingley, A., De'Ath, S. and Napleton, L. 2016. Evaluation of edna: arts and dance for older people. Working with Older People. 20 (1), pp. 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1108/WWOP-08-2015-0016
Understanding the experience of group singing for couples where one partner has a diagnosis of dementia
Unadkat, S., Camic, P. and Vella-Burrows, T. 2016. Understanding the experience of group singing for couples where one partner has a diagnosis of dementia. The Gerontologist. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv698
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of community singing on the mental health related quality of life of the older population: a randomized controlled trial
Coulton, S., Clift, S., Skingley, A. and Rodriguez, J. 2015. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of community singing on the mental health related quality of life of the older population: a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 207 (3), pp. 250-255. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.129908
Experiences of being a control group: lessons from a UK based randomised controlled trial of group singing as a health promotion initiative for older people
Skingley, A., Bungay, H., Clift, S. and Warden, J. 2013. Experiences of being a control group: lessons from a UK based randomised controlled trial of group singing as a health promotion initiative for older people. Health Promotion International. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dat026
Older people, isolation and loneliness: implications for community nursing
Skingley, A. 2013. Older people, isolation and loneliness: implications for community nursing. British Journal of Community Nursing. 18 (2), pp. 84-90.
Researching participatory arts, well-being and health: some methodological issues
Skingley, A., Bungay, H. and Clift, S. 2012. Researching participatory arts, well-being and health: some methodological issues. Journal of Arts and Communities. 3 (1), pp. 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1386/jaac.3.1.73_1
“Singing for breathing”: participants' perceptions of a group singing programme for people with COPD
Skingley, A., Price, S., Clift, S., Morrison, I., Coulton, S., Treadwell, P., Vella-Burrows, T., Shipton, M. and Salisbury, I. 2013. “Singing for breathing”: participants' perceptions of a group singing programme for people with COPD. Arts & Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice. 6 (1), pp. 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2013.840853
Busy bodies: an interactive event for pre-school children and their carers
Robinson, S. and Vella-Burrows, T. 2002. Busy bodies: an interactive event for pre-school children and their carers. Bodies at the Metropole. The Metropole Galleries, Folkestone, UK 26 Sep 2002
Drawing breath: promoting meaning and self-management in COPD
Fraser, J., Price, S. and Skingley, A. 2011. Drawing breath: promoting meaning and self-management in COPD. British Journal of Community Nursing. 16 (2), pp. 58-64.
Singing for mental health and wellbeing: community initiatives in England
Clift, S., Morrison, I., Vella-Burrows, T., Hancox, G., Caldon, E., Perry, U., Holden, P., Parsons-West, C., Moore, K., Rowland-Jones, C. and Hayes, S. 2011. Singing for mental health and wellbeing: community initiatives in England. in: Brader, A. (ed.) Songs of Resilience Newcastle upon Tyne Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 121-144
Local experience of running an NIHR project in Kent and Medway
Skingley, A. 2010. Local experience of running an NIHR project in Kent and Medway.
Formative evaluation of the Silver Song Club project
Skingley, A., Bungay, H., Clift, S. and Hancox, G. 2008. Formative evaluation of the Silver Song Club project.
The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a participative community singing programme as a health promotion initiative for older people: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Skingley, A., Clift, S., Coulton, S. and Rodriguez, J. 2011. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a participative community singing programme as a health promotion initiative for older people: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 11 (1), p. 142. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-142
Therapeutic effects of music and singing for older people
Skingley, A. and Vella-Burrows, T. 2010. Therapeutic effects of music and singing for older people. Nursing Standard. 24 (19), pp. 35-41.
The Silver Song Club Project: A sense of well-being through participatory singing
Bungay, H., Clift, S. and Skingley, A. 2010. The Silver Song Club Project: A sense of well-being through participatory singing. Journal of Applied Arts and Health. 1 (2), pp. 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1386/jaah.1.2.165_1
The Silver Song Club Project: singing to promote the health of older people.
Skingley, A. and Bungay, H. 2010. The Silver Song Club Project: singing to promote the health of older people. British Journal of Community Nursing. 15 (3), pp. 135-140.
The Silver Song Club Project: A formative evaluation
Bungay, H. and Skingley, A. 2008. The Silver Song Club Project: A formative evaluation. Canterbury Canterbury Christ Church University.
Arts and healthy communities in the South East
Clift, S. and Vella-Burrows, T. 2003. Arts and healthy communities in the South East. Canterbury Canterbury Christ Church University.
Care staff perspectives of the role of music in the care of peopleliving with dementia
Vella-Burrows, T. 2011. Care staff perspectives of the role of music in the care of peopleliving with dementia. PhD Thesis Canterbury Christ Church University Music
Supporting practice teachers to identify failing students
Skingley, A., Arnott, J., Greaves, J. and Nabb, J. 2007. Supporting practice teachers to identify failing students. British Journal of Community Nursing. 12 (1), pp. 28-32. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2007.12.1.22689