Police officers and post traumatic stress disorder: discussing the deficit in research, identification and prevention in England and Wales
Journal article
Foley, J. and Massey, K. 2018. Police officers and post traumatic stress disorder: discussing the deficit in research, identification and prevention in England and Wales. The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18761284
Authors | Foley, J. and Massey, K. |
---|---|
Abstract | This article will review available literature regarding Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) within policing in England and Wales, with a particular focus on its early identification and prevention. An overview of PTSD will be given as well as an exploration of why police officers are potentially more susceptible to this mental health condition compared to other members of society. Key factors in the early identification and prevention of PTSD will be outlined, with a focus on crisis intervention techniques which have been subject to considerable academic study. There is limited research available from England and Wales that looks specifically at PTSD in policing, this research deficit will be highlighted and key areas of research which need to be explored further will be given so that this problem can be both identified and prevented in officers. |
Keywords | policing, post-traumatic stress disorder, mental health, prevention |
Year | 2018 |
Journal | The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles |
Publisher | SAGE |
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18761284 |
Publication dates | |
Online | 11 Mar 2018 |
Publication process dates | |
Deposited | 16 Jan 2018 |
Accepted | 05 Jan 2018 |
Accepted author manuscript | |
Output status | Published |
References | Adler, A.; Litz, B.; Castro, C.; Suvak, M.; Thomas, J.; Burrell, L.; McGurk.; Wright, K. and Bliese, P. (2008). ‘A Group Randomized Trial of Critical Incident Stress Ainsworth, P. (2002). ‘Psychology and policing’. Cullompton: Willan. Badge of Life Canada (2017). Available at: http://badgeoflifecanada.org/ (Accessed 8 August 2017). Becker, C., Meyer, G., Price, J., Graham, M., Arsena, A., Armstrong, D. and Ramon, E. (2009). ‘Law enforcement preferences for PTSD treatment and crisis management alternatives’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47 (3), pp. 245–253. Bender, A., Eynan, R., O’Grady, J., Nisenbaum, R., Shah, R. and Links, P.S. (2016). Best practice intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder among transit workers. Work 54, pp. 59–71. Bisson, J., Jenkins, P., Alexander, J., Bannister, C. (1997). ‘Randomised controlled trial of Psychological debriefing for victims of acute burn trauma’ Brown, J. and Campbell, E. (1995). ‘Stress and Policing: Sources and Strategies’ Wiley. Carlier, I.V., Lamberts, R.D. & Gersons, B.P. (1997). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in police officers: a prospective analysis. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disorders. 185 (8), pp. 498–506. Chae, M. and Boyle, D. (2013). ‘Police suicide: prevalence, risk, and protective factors’ Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 36 (1), pp. 91-118. Deahl, M., Srinivasan, M., Jones, N., Thomas, J., Neblett, C. and Jolly, A. (2000). ‘Preventing psychological trauma in soldiers: the role of operational stress training and psychological debriefing’ The British journal of medical psychology, 73 (1), pp.77-85. Dowling, F., Moynihan, G., Genet, B. and Lewis, J. (2006). ‘A Peer-Based Assistance Program for Officers with the New York City Police Department: Report of the Effects of Sept. 11, 2001’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, pp. 51–153. Eid, J., Johnson, B. and Weisaeth, L. (2001). ‘The effects of group psychological debriefing on acute stress reactions following a traffic accident: a quasi-experimental approach’, International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 3 (3), pp. 145-154. Ellrich, K. and Baier, D. (2017). ‘Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Police Officers Following Violent Assaults: A Study on General and Police-Specific Risk and Protective Factors’, Journal of Interpersonal violence, 32 (3), pp. 331-356. Evans, R., Pistrang, N. and Billings, J. (2013). ‘Police officers’ experiences of supportive and unsupportive social interactions following traumatic incidents’, European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4 (1), pp. 1-9. Everly, G., Flannery, R. and Mitchell, J. (1999). “Critical incident stress management: a review of the literature”. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5, pp. 23-40. Forbes, A. and Roger, D. (1999). ‘Stress, social support and fear of disclosure’. British Journal of Health and Psychology, 4, pp. 165-179. Greenberg, N., Brooks, S. and Dunn, R. (2015). ‘Latest developments in post-traumatic stress disorder: diagnosis and treatment’, British Medical Bulletin, 114 (1) pp. 1-9. Halligan, S. and Yehuda, R. (2000). ‘Risk Factors for PTSD’, PTSD Research Quarterly, 11 (3), pp.1-3. Hawker, D., Durkin, J. and Hawker, D. (2011). ‘To Debrief or Not to Debrief Our Heroes: That is the Question’. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18, pp. 453–463. Hayday, S., Broughton, A. and Tyers, C. (2007). ‘Managing Sickness Absence in the Police Service; A Review of Current Practices’. London: Health and Safety Executive. Heffren, C. and Hausdorf, P. (2016). ‘Post-traumatic effects in policing: perceptions, stigmas and help seeking behaviours’, Police Practice and Research, 17 (5), pp. 420-433. Horn, S., Charney, D. and Feder, A. (2016). ‘Understanding resilience: New approaches for preventing and treating PTSD’ Experimental Neurobiology, 284, pp.119-132. Hunt, E., Jones, N., Hastings, V. and Greenberg, N. (2013). ‘TRiM: an organizational response to traumatic events in Cumbria Constabulary’ Occupational Medicine, 1-7. Jacobs, J., Horne-Moyer, L. and Jones, R. (2004) ‘The effectiveness of critical incident stress debriefing with primary and secondary trauma victims’ International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 6 (1), pp. 5-14. Karlsson, I. and Christianson, S. (2003). ‘The phenomenology of traumatic experiences in police work’, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 26 (3), pp. 419-438. Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet. E., Hughes, M. & Nelson, C.B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, pp.1048–1060. Litz, B., Gray, M., Bryant, R. and Adler, A. (2002). ‘Early Intervention for Trauma: Current Status and Future Direction’ Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9 (2), pp.112-134. Marmar, C., Weiss, D., Metzler, T., Ronfeldt, H. and Foreman, C. (1996). ‘Stress responses of emergency services personnel to the Loma Prieta earthquake interstate 880 freeway collapse and control traumatic incidents’ Journal of traumatic Stress, 9 (1), pp. 63-85. Martin, M., Marchand, A., Boyer, R and Martin, N. (2009). ‘Predictors of the Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Police Officers’, Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 10 (4), pp. 451-468. Marshall, R., Olfson, M., Hellman, F., Blanco, C., Guardino, M. and Struening, E. (2001). ‘Comorbidity, impairment and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD’ The American journal of psychiatry, 158 (9), pp.1467-1473. Mayou, R., Ehlers, A. and Hobbs, M. (2000). ‘Psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims. Three-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial’, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176 (6), pp. 589-593. Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) (2017). ‘Freedom of Information Act request – Sickness for MPS Officers, staff and PCSOs since 2013’ Available at: Miller, L. (2006). ‘Practical Police Psychology: Stress management and crisis intervention for Law Enforcement’ Springfield IL, Charles C Thomas Publisher. Mind (2017). Blue Light Programme. Available at: https://www.mind.org.uk/news-campaigns/campaigns/bluelight/ (Accessed 8 August 2017). Mitchell, J. (2014). ‘Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD)’, Trauma, Available at: Mitchell, A., Sakraida, T. and Kameg, K. (2003). ‘Critical Incident Stress Debriefing: Implications for Best Practice’, Disaster management and Response, 1 (2), pp. 46- 51. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2005). ‘Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: management’ Clinical Guideline. Ogle, C., Rubin, D., Berntsen, D. and Siegler, L. (2013). ‘The Frequency and Impact of Exposure to Potentially Traumatic Events over the Life Course’ Clinical Psychology Science. 1 (4), pp. 426–434. Raphael, B. (1996). ‘When disaster strikes: A handbook for caring professions’. London: Hutchinson. Skeffington, P., Rees, C. and Kane, R. (2013). ‘The Primary Prevention of PTSD: A Systematic Review’, Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 14 (4), pp. 404-422. Skogstad, M., Skorstad, A., Lie, H., Conradi, T., Heir, T. and Weisaeth, L. (2013). ‘Work related post traumatic stress disorder’ Occupational Medicine, 63, pp. 175-182. Stephens, C. and Long, N. (1997). ‘The impact of trauma and social support on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A study of New Zealand Police Officers.’ Journal of Criminal Justice, 25 (4), pp. 303-314. Tuckey, M. and Hayward, R. (2011). ‘Global and Occupation-Specific Emotional Resources as Buffers against the Emotional Demands of Fire-Fighting’ Applied Psychology, 60 (1), pp. 1–23. Tuckey, M. and & Scott, J. (2013). ‘Group critical incident stress debriefing with emergency services personnel: a randomized controlled trial’. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 27 (1), pp. 38-54. Violanti, J., Andrew, M., Mnatsakanova, A., Hartley, T., Fekedulegn, D. and Burchfiel, C. (2016). ‘Correlates of hopelessness in the high suicide risk police occupation’, Police Practice and Research, 17 (5), pp. 408-419. Walsh, M. Taylor, M. and Hastings, V. (2013). ‘Burnout and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the police: Educating officers with the Stilwell TRiM approach’ Policing, 7 (2), pp. 167-177. Wessely, S., Bryant, R., Greenberg, N., Earnshaw, M., Sharpley, J. and Hughes, J. (2008). 'Does psychoeducation help prevent post traumatic psychological distress?', Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 71, (4), pp. 287-302. Whybrow, D., Jones, N. and Greenberg, N. (2015). ‘Promoting organizational well-being: a comprehensive review of Trauma Risk Management’. Occupational Medicine, 65, pp. 331–336. |
https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/item/887v6/police-officers-and-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-discussing-the-deficit-in-research-identification-and-prevention-in-england-and-wales
Download files
276
total views287
total downloads3
views this month6
downloads this month