Bridging the gap in rhinoplasty training: The effectiveness of 3D-printed models in surgical education

Background
Rhinoplasty is a common facial plastic surgery (FPS) procedure for both functional and aesthetic indications. The use of 3D models has been reported as a potential method to provide hands-on training for learning rhinoplasty without jeopardizing patient care.

Objectives
The objective of this study was to develop and validate a novel model that can be used for rhinoplasty training.

Methods
The rhinoplasty models were designed and produced using proprietary 3D printing technology. Face and content validity were assessed during a rhinoplasty course involving 53 surgeons. Whilst, criterion validity was evaluated in a training session with 20 surgical residents, measuring improvements in surgical skills after using the 3D models with an objective structured assessment of technical skills (OSAT).

Results
All surgeons (n=53, 100%) stated that the rhinoplasty model aided in their learning and development. 91% (n=48) of surgeons rated the realism of the model as excellent or very good in comparison to cadaveric specimens. Assessment of criterion validity showed a statistically significant improvement in OSAT scores among surgical residents, increasing from a baseline of 11.7/40 (SD ± 1.80) to 21.6/40 (SD ± 1.79) post session (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions
The 3D rhinoplasty models showed good content, face, and criterion validity, objectively improving residents’ surgical performance. Rhinoplasty 3D models could serve as a pre-cadaveric training adjunct, equipping trainees with fundamental skills before cadaveric dissection, or as a primary training modality in countries with limited cadaver access. Thus, the models offer an innovative approach to training the next generation of rhinoplasty surgeons.