Understanding the interpersonal experiences of people with maladaptive daydreaming

Background: Maladaptive Daydreaming (MD) is a recently discovered psychological phenomenon involving excessive absorption in fanciful fantasy worlds and is associated with distress. This absorption for prolonged periods, coupled with a yearning for immersion and the shame experienced in relation to daydreaming, is associated with daily dysfunction, such as interpersonal difficulties. This systematic review explored the interpersonal experiences of people with MD (PwMD).

Method: A systematic search, screening, and selection of relevant literature were conducted following the PRISMA methodology, adhering to predetermined criteria. A systematic search across four databases revealed 11 articles. Critical appraisal tools assessed study quality and findings were narratively synthesized.

Findings: PwMD commonly face early relational adversity and experience attachment difficulties. Most PwMD experience social difficulties, such as loneliness and perceived ‘awkwardness’. PwMD also report a gap between their real-life interpersonal experiences and fantasy. Whilst the interpersonal difficulties vary among PwMD, a common thread is the prevalence of secrecy and shame related to daydreaming, intensifying feelings of isolation.

Discussion: This review provides preliminary evidence that PwMD experience various interpersonal difficulties. However, the studies included were exploratory and cross-sectional. Therefore, further longitudinal and qualitative studies on the interpersonal experiences of PwMD, along with investigations into therapeutic approaches, are warranted.