An exploration of executive function, its theoretical construction, and challenges encountered in its understanding and measurement: did neuropsychology get this right?

Section A argued for the importance of cognitive models in providing a theoretical foundation for complex neuropsychological constructs such as ‘executive function’ (EF). It consisted of a narrative review of 29 existing cognitive models of EF, which were reviewed, critiqued, and then integrated into a novel, unified model of EF. This unified account brought together the affective, motivational and attentional processes involved in goal-driven behaviour. Clinical implications were discussed, alongside recommendations for future research in this area.

Section B applied a content analysis to systematically examine the ways that EF is described, explained and understood by currently available neuropsychological assessment measures and textbooks, and evaluate these in accordance with current evidence on EF. A total of 29 texts were included. Categories were derived from the current evidence base, including the ‘unified model’ of EF presented in Section A, as well as inductively from the texts. Results suggested that the majority of assessments and textbooks were unlikely to provide such an integrated account, however, there were exceptions. New leads for further theoretical development, and clinical implications were discussed