Maternal and neonatal complications in pregnancies with and without pre-gestational diabetes mellitus

Journal article

Karkia, Rebecca, Giacchino, Tara, Watson, Helen, Gough, Andrew, Ramadan, Ghada and Akolekar, R. 2023. Maternal and neonatal complications in pregnancies with and without pre-gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2023-0183
AuthorsKarkia, Rebecca, Giacchino, Tara, Watson, Helen, Gough, Andrew, Ramadan, Ghada and Akolekar, R.
Abstract

Objectives
To compare pregnancy complications in pregnancies with and without pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (DM) managed in a multidisciplinary high-risk diabetes antenatal clinic.

Methods
This screening cohort study was undertaken at a large maternity unit in the United Kingdom between January 2010 and December 2022. We included singleton pregnancies that booked at our unit at 11–13 weeks’ gestation. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine risks of complications in pregnancies with type 1 and type 2 DM after adjusting for maternal and pregnancy characteristics. Effect sizes were expressed as absolute risks (AR) and odds ratio (OR) (95 % confidence intervals [CI]).

Results
The study population included 53,649 singleton pregnancies, including 509 (1.0 %) with pre-existing DM and 49,122 (99.0 %) without diabetes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that there was a significant contribution from pre-existing DM in prediction of adverse outcomes, including antenatal complications such as fetal defects, stillbirth, preterm delivery, polyhydramnios, preeclampsia and delivery of large for gestational age (LGA) neonates; intrapartum complications such as caesarean delivery (CS) and post-partum haemorrhage; and neonatal complications including admission to neonatal intensive care unit, hypoglycaemia, jaundice and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). In particular, there was a 5-fold increased risk of stillbirth and HIE.

Conclusions
The maternal and neonatal complications in pregnancies with pre-existing DM are significantly increased compared to those without DM despite a decade of intensive multidisciplinary antenatal care. Further research is required to investigate strategies and interventions to prevent morbidity and mortality in pregnancies with pre-gestational DM.

KeywordsDiabetes mellitus; Insulin-dependent diabetes; Pre-gestational diabetes mellitus; Adverse pregnancy outcomes
Year2023
JournalJournal of Perinatal Medicine
PublisherWalter de Gruyter GmbH
ISSN0300-5577
1619-3997
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2023-0183
Official URLhttps://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jpm-2023-0183/html
Publication dates
Online07 Sep 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted21 Aug 2023
Deposited18 Apr 2024
Output statusPublished
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https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/item/960w8/maternal-and-neonatal-complications-in-pregnancies-with-and-without-pre-gestational-diabetes-mellitus

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Risk of miscarriage following amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling: systematic review of literature and updated meta-analysis
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Prediction of large-for-gestational-age neonate by routine third-trimester ultrasound
Khan, N., Ciobanu, A., Karampitsakos, T., Akolekar, R. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2019. Prediction of large-for-gestational-age neonate by routine third-trimester ultrasound. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 54 (2), pp. 326-333. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.20377
Two-stage approach for prediction of small-for-gestational-age neonate and adverse perinatal outcome by routine ultrasound examination at 35-37 weeks' gestation
Akolekar, R., Panaitescu, A. M., Ciobanu, A., Syngelaki, A. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2019. Two-stage approach for prediction of small-for-gestational-age neonate and adverse perinatal outcome by routine ultrasound examination at 35-37 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 54, pp. 484-491. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.20391
Prevention of stillbirths: impact of a two-stage screening for vasa previa
Zhang, W., Geris, S., Beta, J., Ramadan, G., Nicolaides, K. H. and Akolekar, R. 2019. Prevention of stillbirths: impact of a two-stage screening for vasa previa. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 55 (5), pp. 605-612. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.21953
Impact of prospective measurement of outflow tracts in the prediction of coarctation of the aorta
Vigneswaran, T. V., Zidere, V., Chivers, S., Charakida, M., Akolekar, R. and Simpson, J. M. 2019. Impact of prospective measurement of outflow tracts in the prediction of coarctation of the aorta. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.21957
Diagnosis of major heart defects by routine first-trimester ultrasound examination: association with high nuchal translucency, tricuspid regurgitation and abnormal flow in the ductus venosus
Minnella, G. P., Crupano, F. M., Syngelaki, A., Zidere, V., Akolekar, R. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2019. Diagnosis of major heart defects by routine first-trimester ultrasound examination: association with high nuchal translucency, tricuspid regurgitation and abnormal flow in the ductus venosus. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 55 (5), pp. 637-644. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.21956
Screening for pre-eclampsia using sFlt-1/PlGF ratio cut-off of 38 at 30-37 weeks' gestation
Dragan, I., Georgiou, T., Prodan, N., Akolekar, R. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2017. Screening for pre-eclampsia using sFlt-1/PlGF ratio cut-off of 38 at 30-37 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 49 (1), pp. 73-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.17301
Uterine artery pulsatility index at 30-34 weeks' gestation in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome
Valiño, N., Giunta, G., Gallo, D. M., Akolekar, R. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2016. Uterine artery pulsatility index at 30-34 weeks' gestation in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 47 (3), pp. 308-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.14898
Biophysical and biochemical markers at 30-34 weeks' gestation in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome
Valiño, N., Giunta, G., Gallo, D. M., Akolekar, R. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2016. Biophysical and biochemical markers at 30-34 weeks' gestation in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 47 (2), pp. 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.14928
Screening for trisomies by cell-free DNA testing of maternal blood: consequences of a failed result
Revello, R., Sarno, L., Ispas, A., Akolekar, R. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2016. Screening for trisomies by cell-free DNA testing of maternal blood: consequences of a failed result. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 47 (6), pp. 698-704. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.15851
Metformin versus placebo in obese pregnant women without diabetes mellitus
Syngelaki, A., Nicolaides, K. H., Balani, J., Hyer, S., Akolekar, R., Kotecha, R., Pastides, A. and Shehata, H. 2016. Metformin versus placebo in obese pregnant women without diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine. 374, pp. 434-43. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1509819
Prospective first-trimester screening for trisomies by cell-free DNA testing of maternal blood in twin pregnancy
Sarno, L., Revello, R., Hanson, E., Akolekar, R. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2016. Prospective first-trimester screening for trisomies by cell-free DNA testing of maternal blood in twin pregnancy. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 47 (6), pp. 705-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.15913
Prediction of stillbirth from biochemical and biophysical markers at 11-13 weeks
Mastrodima, S., Akolekar, R., Yerlikaya, G., Tzelepis, T. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2016. Prediction of stillbirth from biochemical and biophysical markers at 11-13 weeks. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 48 (5), pp. 613-617. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.17289
Prediction of stillbirth from maternal demographic and pregnancy characteristics
Yerlikaya, G., Akolekar, R., McPherson, K., Syngelaki, A. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2016. Prediction of stillbirth from maternal demographic and pregnancy characteristics. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 48 (5), pp. 607-612. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.17290
Endoscopic placental laser coagulation in dichorionic and monochorionic triplet pregnancies
Peeva, G., Chaveeva, P., Gil Guevara, E., Akolekar, R. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2016. Endoscopic placental laser coagulation in dichorionic and monochorionic triplet pregnancies. Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 40 (3), pp. 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1159/000443792
Prediction of stillbirth from maternal factors, fetal biometry and uterine artery Doppler at 19-24 weeks
Akolekar, R., Tokunaka, M., Ortega, N., Syngelaki, A. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2016. Prediction of stillbirth from maternal factors, fetal biometry and uterine artery Doppler at 19-24 weeks. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 48 (5), pp. 624-630. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.17295
Prediction of stillbirth from placental growth factor at 11-13 weeks
Akolekar, R., Machuca, M., Mendes, M., Paschos, V. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2016. Prediction of stillbirth from placental growth factor at 11-13 weeks. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 48 (5), pp. 618-623. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.17288
Prediction of stillbirth from placental growth factor at 19-24 weeks
Aupont J. E., Akolekar, R., Illian, A., Neonakis, S. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2016. Prediction of stillbirth from placental growth factor at 19-24 weeks. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 48 (5), pp. 631-635. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.17229
Biophysical and biochemical markers at 35-37 weeks' gestation in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome
Valiño, N., Giunta, G., Gallo, D. M., Akolekar, R. and Nicolaides, K. H. 2015. Biophysical and biochemical markers at 35-37 weeks' gestation in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 47 (2), pp. 203-209. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.15663