Measuring user preferences and behaviour in a topographic immersive virtual environment (TopoIVE) of 2D and 3D urban topographic data

Journal article

Halik, Ł. and Kent, A. 2021. Measuring user preferences and behaviour in a topographic immersive virtual environment (TopoIVE) of 2D and 3D urban topographic data. International Journal of Digital Earth. 14 (12), pp. 1835-1867. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2021.1984595
AuthorsHalik, Ł. and Kent, A.
Abstract

This paper investigates user preferences and behaviour associated with 2D and 3D modes of urban representation within a novel Topographic Immersive Virtual Environment (TopoIVE) created from official 1:10,000 mapping. Sixty participants were divided into two groups: the first were given a navigational task within a simulated city and the second were given the freedom to explore it. A Head-Mounted Display (HMD) Virtual Reality (VR) app allowed participants to switch between 2D and 3D representations of buildings with a remote controller and their use of these modes during the experiment was recorded. Participants performed mental rotation tests before entering the TopoIVE and were interviewed afterwards about their experiences using the app. The results indicate that participants preferred the 3D mode of representation overall, although preference for the 2D mode was slightly higher amongst those undertaking the navigational task, and reveal that different wayfinding solutions were adopted by participants according to their gender. Overall, the findings suggest that users exploit different aspects of 2D and 3D modes of visualization in their wayfinding strategy, regardless of their task. The potential to combine the functionality of 2D and 3D modes therefore offers substantial opportunities for the development of immersive virtual reality products derived from topographic datasets.

KeywordsVirtual reality (VR); immersive virtual environment (IVE); 2D versus 3D; wayfinding; topographic data
Year2021
JournalInternational Journal of Digital Earth
Journal citation14 (12), pp. 1835-1867
PublisherTaylor & Francis
ISSN1753-8947
1753-8955
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2021.1984595
Official URLhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17538947.2021.1984595
Publication dates
Online30 Sep 2021
Publication process dates
Accepted17 Sep 2021
Deposited30 Sep 2021
Accepted author manuscript
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Kent, A. 2013. Topographies of terror? The portrayal and identity of wartime landscapes in Germany.
Soviet military mapping of the UK and contemporary Ordnance Survey mapping: a comparative analysis
Davis, M. and Kent, A. 2015. Soviet military mapping of the UK and contemporary Ordnance Survey mapping: a comparative analysis.
The value of historical maps: art, accuracy and society
Kent, A. 1998. The value of historical maps: art, accuracy and society. Thesis Oxford Brookes University Cartography
News media mapping: the good, the bad, and the ugly
Vujakovic, P. and Kent, A. 2011. News media mapping: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Design Group Workshop, ‘Mapping 2011 – The power of the image’ The British Cartographic Society, Annual Symposium.
A sense of Plaice? Visitor maps, heritage and place branding in the coastal towns of the Transmanche region
Vujakovic, P. and Kent, A. 2014. A sense of Plaice? Visitor maps, heritage and place branding in the coastal towns of the Transmanche region.
Cultures of cartography: towards a new research agenda
Kent, A., Vujakovic, P. and McLean, K. 2014. Cultures of cartography: towards a new research agenda. ’Capture, Create, and Communicate’, British Cartographic Society, Annual Symposium. Winchester 24 - 26 Jun 2014
A sense of plaice: The cartographic branding of English and French coastal towns in the Transmanche Region
Kent, A. and Vujakovic, P. 2014. A sense of plaice: The cartographic branding of English and French coastal towns in the Transmanche Region.
A foreign affair – map design and international news
Vujakovic, P. and Kent, A. 2011. A foreign affair – map design and international news. Maplines. Summer, pp. 4-5.
Maps for growing minds: designing atlases for children
Kent, A. and Vujakovic, P. 2012. Maps for growing minds: designing atlases for children. Maplines. Winter.
A sense of plaice?
Vujakovic, P. and Kent, A. 2014. A sense of plaice? Maplines. Spring, pp. 14-16.
Turning the tide? Visitor maps and the place branding of coastal towns in Kent and East Sussex
Vujakovic, P., Hills, J. and Kent, A. 2014. Turning the tide? Visitor maps and the place branding of coastal towns in Kent and East Sussex. Bulletin of the Society of Cartographers. 47 (1), pp. 37-42.
From a dry statement of facts to a thing of beauty: understanding aesthetics in the mapping and counter-mapping of place
Kent, A. 2013. From a dry statement of facts to a thing of beauty: understanding aesthetics in the mapping and counter-mapping of place. Cartographic Perspectives. 73, pp. 39-60.
Understanding aesthetics: the cartographers' response
Kent, A. 2013. Understanding aesthetics: the cartographers' response. Bulletin of the Society of Cartographers. 46 (1, 2), pp. 31-43.
Cartographic design and aesthetics “FAQ”
Kent, A., Field, K., Jenny, B. and Hopfstock, A. 2012. Cartographic design and aesthetics “FAQ”. Cartographic Perspectives. 73.
Hot geospatial intelligence from a Cold War: the Soviet military mapping of towns and cities
Kent, A. and Davies, J. 2013. Hot geospatial intelligence from a Cold War: the Soviet military mapping of towns and cities. Cartography and Geographic Information Science. 40 (3), pp. 248-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2013.799734
Maps from the past?
Kent, A. 2012. Maps from the past? Sheetlines: The Journal of the Charles Close Society for the Study of Ordnance Survey Maps. 94, pp. 17-22.
Maps, pixels, and power: improving design and communication in remote sensing
Kent, A. 1999. Maps, pixels, and power: improving design and communication in remote sensing. Masters Thesis University of Cambridge (Queens' College) Geography
New directions in cartography
Kent, A. 2011. New directions in cartography.
Conventions, cartographic
Kent, A. 2015. Conventions, cartographic. in: Monmonier, M. (ed.) Cartography in the Twentieth Century Chicago Chicago University Press.
Ordnance Survey and cartographic style: keeping the good view (part 2)
Kent, A. 2010. Ordnance Survey and cartographic style: keeping the good view (part 2). Sheetlines: The Journal of the Charles Close Society for the Study of Ordnance Survey Maps. 88, pp. 11-16.
Ordnance Survey and cartographic style: keeping the good view (part 1)
Kent, A. 2010. Ordnance Survey and cartographic style: keeping the good view (part 1). Sheetlines: The Journal of the Charles Close Society for the Study of Ordnance Survey Maps. 87, pp. 19-28.
Reproduction, design and aesthetics
Kent, A. 2015. Reproduction, design and aesthetics. in: Monmonier, M. (ed.) Cartography in the Twentieth Century Chicago Chicago University Press.
Cartographic language: towards a new paradigm for understanding stylistic diversity in topographic maps
Kent, A. and Vujakovic, P. 2011. Cartographic language: towards a new paradigm for understanding stylistic diversity in topographic maps. The Cartographic Journal. 48 (1), pp. 21-40. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743277411Y.0000000004
Cognition, behaviour, representation
Griffin, A., Fabrikant, S. and Kent, A. 2012. Cognition, behaviour, representation. The Cartographic Journal. 49 (4).
A hazy mirror? Testing the reflection of society in state topographic maps
Kent, A. 2011. A hazy mirror? Testing the reflection of society in state topographic maps. in: Ruas, A. (ed.) Advances in Cartography and GIScience: Volume 1: Selection from ICC 2011, Paris Berlin Springer. pp. 109-132
An analysis of the cartographic language of European state topographic maps: aesthetics, style, and identity
Kent, A. 2007. An analysis of the cartographic language of European state topographic maps: aesthetics, style, and identity. PhD Thesis University of Kent/Canterbury Christ Church University Geographical and Life Sciences
Engaging new cartographers
Vujakovic, P. and Kent, A. 2010. Engaging new cartographers.
Understanding aesthetics for good cartographic design
Kent, A. 2010. Understanding aesthetics for good cartographic design.
Landscape or blandscape? Exploring cartographic style in European topographic maps of the 20th century
Kent, A. 2010. Landscape or blandscape? Exploring cartographic style in European topographic maps of the 20th century.
Helping Haiti: some reflections on contributing to a global disaster relief effort
Kent, A. 2010. Helping Haiti: some reflections on contributing to a global disaster relief effort. Bulletin of the Society of Cartographers. 44 (1-2), pp. 39-45.
Cartographic blandscapes and the new noise: finding the good view in a topographical mashup
Kent, A. 2008. Cartographic blandscapes and the new noise: finding the good view in a topographical mashup. The Bulletin of the Society of Cartographers. 42 (1-2), pp. 29-37.
Topographic maps: methodological approaches for analyzing cartographic style
Kent, A. 2009. Topographic maps: methodological approaches for analyzing cartographic style. Journal of Map and Geography Libraries. 5 (2), pp. 131-156.
Stylistic diversity in European state 1 : 50 000 topographic maps
Kent, A. and Vujakovic, P. 2009. Stylistic diversity in European state 1 : 50 000 topographic maps. The Cartographic Journal. 46 (3), pp. 179-213. https://doi.org/10.1179/000870409X12488753453453
Aesthetics: a lost cause in cartographic theory?
Kent, A. 2005. Aesthetics: a lost cause in cartographic theory? The Cartographic Journal. 42 (2), pp. 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1179/000870405X61487