Operational risk, omissions and liability in policing

Journal article

Heaton, R., Bryant, R. and Tong, S. 2018. Operational risk, omissions and liability in policing. The Police Journal.
AuthorsHeaton, R., Bryant, R. and Tong, S.
Abstract

Recent decades have seen the sensitisation of UK society towards harm and policing ‘failures’ become increasingly significant. This paper is intended to stimulate thought and debate by analysing some consequences of these developments. It reviews literature in relation to risk-taking in UK operational policing, identifying increased criminal and disciplinary liability, particularly in respect of alleged omissions. Hindsight is found to be a potentially powerful influence.

The article concludes that it is unlikely that public culture will be changed readily. However, police and other bodies should be able to reach a common approach towards operational risk, omissions and hindsight.

Year2018
JournalThe Police Journal
PublisherSAGE
ISSN0032-258X
Official URLhttps://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18777915
Related URLhttps://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/journal/police-journal
Publication dates
Print06 Jun 2018
Publication process dates
Deposited08 Jun 2018
Accepted05 Jun 2018
Accepted author manuscript
Output statusPublished
Permalink -

https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/item/88v37/operational-risk-omissions-and-liability-in-policing

Download files

Accepted author manuscript
17370_Risk_article_28.3.18.PolJournal.pdf

  • 1004
    total views
  • 1611
    total downloads
  • 2
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Researching detective pathways: opportunities and challenges
Tong, S. and O'Neill, M. 2023. Researching detective pathways: opportunities and challenges. in: Martin, D. and Tong, S. (ed.) Introduction to Policing Research: Taking Lessons From Practice Abingdon Routledge, Taylor and Francis. pp. 65-76
Neighbourhood policing in the Metropolitan Police Service – 8 April 2022
Bryant, R., Blackburn, B., Arditti, R. and Lewis, H. 2023. Neighbourhood policing in the Metropolitan Police Service – 8 April 2022. Canterbury Centre for Policing Research.
UK–EU law enforcement cooperation post-Brexit: A UK law enforcement practitioner perspective
Shellaker, M., Tong, Stephen and Swallow, Paul 2023. UK–EU law enforcement cooperation post-Brexit: A UK law enforcement practitioner perspective. Criminology and Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958231162520
Blackstone's handbook for policing students 2023
Graca, S., Bryant, R., Lawton-Barrett, K., Gilbert, P., Hooper, G., Jones, N., Blackburn, B., McCormack, T., Mitchell, S., Nunn, J., O'Neill, M. and Owens, J. 2022. Blackstone's handbook for policing students 2023. Oxford Oxford University Press.
More lesson learning, less risk aversion in England and Wales? Prospects for the police (conduct) regulations 2020
Heaton, R. and Tong, Stephen 2022. More lesson learning, less risk aversion in England and Wales? Prospects for the police (conduct) regulations 2020. The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258x221107586
Blackstone's handbook for policing students 2021
Graca, S., Bryant, R., Lawton-Barrett, K., Gilbert, P., Hooper, G., Jones, N., Blackburn, B., McCormack, T., Mitchell, S., Nunn, J., O'Neill, M. and Owens, J. Bryant, S. and Bryant, R. (ed.) 2020. Blackstone's handbook for policing students 2021. Oxford Oxford University Press.
Project 7708 understanding heritage crime in Kent and Medway – a data analytical approach
Bryant, R., Kent, A. and Hills, J. 2020. Project 7708 understanding heritage crime in Kent and Medway – a data analytical approach.
Preventing and countering CSE in SE Kent school-based peer mentorship schemes
Bryant, R., Christie, S., Heaton, R., Ozcakir Mozova, K. and Ms Becky Thomson 2020. Preventing and countering CSE in SE Kent school-based peer mentorship schemes.
Women police leaders in Europe: a tale of prejudice and patronage
Silvestri, M. and Tong, S. 2020. Women police leaders in Europe: a tale of prejudice and patronage. European Journal of Criminology. 19 (5), pp. 871-890. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370820931867
The Schengen evaluation mechanism: exploring the views of experts in the field of police cooperation
Kaasik, J. and Tong, S. 2019. The Schengen evaluation mechanism: exploring the views of experts in the field of police cooperation. European Law Enforcement Research Bulletin. Winter (18), pp. 1-18.
Blackstone's handbook for policing students 2020
Graca, S., Bryant, R., Lawton-Barrett, K., Gilbert, P., Hooper, G., Jones, N., Blackburn, B., McCormack, T., Mitchell, S., Nunn, J., O'Neill, M. and Owens, J. Bryant, S. and Bryant, R. (ed.) 2019. Blackstone's handbook for policing students 2020. Oxford Oxford University Press.
Just a nudge
Bryant, R. and Heaton, R. 2019. Just a nudge.
Police learning in the context of change and diversity
Tong, S. and Green. T 2019. Police learning in the context of change and diversity. Policing: A Journal for Policy and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paz069
Commentary - guns and psychiatry: what psychiatrists need to know
Bryant, R. 2019. Commentary - guns and psychiatry: what psychiatrists need to know. BJPsych Advances. https://doi.org/BJPsychAdv-19-0039
Assessing the threat posed by registered firearms dealers in the UK
Bryant, R., Arditti, R. and Gustafson, K. 2019. Assessing the threat posed by registered firearms dealers in the UK. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paz031
Lesson-learning not blame: realistic or optimistic?
Heaton, R. and Tong, S. 2019. Lesson-learning not blame: realistic or optimistic? Police Professional.
Professionalizing criminal investigation: an examination of an early attempt to support specialization in criminal investigation
Tong, S. and O'Neill, M. 2019. Professionalizing criminal investigation: an examination of an early attempt to support specialization in criminal investigation. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paz010
‘A wicked problem’? risk assessment and decision-making when licensing possession and use of firearms in Greater London
Bryant, R. and Arditti, R. 2018. ‘A wicked problem’? risk assessment and decision-making when licensing possession and use of firearms in Greater London. The Police Journal. 0 (0). https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18797992
The matrix reloaded? why we should improve the MPS ‘gang violence matrix’, not dismantle it
Bryant, R. 2018. The matrix reloaded? why we should improve the MPS ‘gang violence matrix’, not dismantle it. Police Professional.
Blackstone's handbook for policing students 2018
Graca, S., Bryant, R., Lawton-Barrett, K., Gilbert, P., Hooper, G., Jones, N., Blackburn, B., McCormack, T., Mitchell, S., Nunn, J., O'Neill, M. and Owens, J. Bryant, S. and Bryant, R. (ed.) 2017. Blackstone's handbook for policing students 2018. Oxford Oxford University Press.
Police and higher education: prospects and challenges II workshop
Tong, S. 2017. Police and higher education: prospects and challenges II workshop.
Sink or swim: a cast study of detective training
Tong, S. 2017. Sink or swim: a cast study of detective training.
Researching professional development
Wood, D. and Bryant, R. 2015. Researching professional development. in: Brunger, M., Tong, S. and Martin, D. (ed.) Introduction to policing research. Taking lessons from practice. London Routledge. pp. 87-99
Blackstone's handbook for policing students 2016
Graca, S., Lawton-Barrett, K., O'Neill, M., Tong, S., Underwood, R. and Wood, D. Bryant, R. and Bryant, S. (ed.) 2015. Blackstone's handbook for policing students 2016. Oxford Oxford University Press.
Kent and Medway: delivering a Brexit border: policing, security, freight and customs
Hadfield, A., Tong, S. and Centre for European Studies and the Canterbury Centre for Policing Research, Canterbury Christ Church University 2018. Kent and Medway: delivering a Brexit border: policing, security, freight and customs. Canterbury Canterbury Christ Church University.
Professionalising criminal investigation – an examination of early attempts to professionalise detectives in the United Kingdom
Tong, S. 2017. Professionalising criminal investigation – an examination of early attempts to professionalise detectives in the United Kingdom.
Evidence-based policing, professionalization and challenges to policing in Britain
Tong, S. 2017. Evidence-based policing, professionalization and challenges to policing in Britain.
Art, craft and science of policing
Tong, S. 2017. Art, craft and science of policing.
Conducting research into European policing'
Tong, S. 2017. Conducting research into European policing'.
Learning from mistakes? policing under siege: an examination of high profile criticisms of policing and potential responses
Tong, S. 2016. Learning from mistakes? policing under siege: an examination of high profile criticisms of policing and potential responses.
Professionalising policing: challenges in the role of education
Tong, S. 2016. Professionalising policing: challenges in the role of education.
Police reform workshop: professionalisation through education
Tong, S. 2016. Police reform workshop: professionalisation through education. European Police Research Institutes Collaboration (EPiC) Annual Conference. Cardiff University
Professionalising policing: seeking viable and sustainable approaches to police education and learning
Tong, S. 2017. Professionalising policing: seeking viable and sustainable approaches to police education and learning. European Police Science and Research Bulletin - Special Conference Edition. Summer (2017), pp. 171-178.
Risk management in relation to firearms licensing
Bryant, R., Blackburn, B., Hewitt, M. and Falade, M. 2016. Risk management in relation to firearms licensing.
Evaluation of the MPS Predictive Policing Trial (redacted)
Bryant, R., Azhar, H., Blackburn, B. and Falade, M. 2015. Evaluation of the MPS Predictive Policing Trial (redacted).
Protecting the protectors
Bryant, R. and Leonard, V. 2016. Protecting the protectors. Police Professional.
Mediating serious crime: an analysis of victim and prisoner mediation
Tong, S., Waters, B., Bryant, R., Williams, E. and Norman, J. 2017. Mediating serious crime: an analysis of victim and prisoner mediation.
Education and the police professionalisation agenda: a perspective from England and Wales
Tong, S. and Hallenberg, K. 2017. Education and the police professionalisation agenda: a perspective from England and Wales. in: Rogers, C. and Frevel, B. (ed.) Higher Police Education: An international perspective Springer.
‘Set in stone?’
Heaton, R. and Tong, S. 2017. ‘Set in stone?’. Police Professional.
The importance of context and cognitive agency in developing police knowledge: going beyond the police science discourse
Wood, D., Cockcroft, T., Tong, S. and Bryant, R. 2017. The importance of context and cognitive agency in developing police knowledge: going beyond the police science discourse. The Police Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X17696101
The impact of dispersal powers on congregating youth
Bryant, R., Cockcroft, T. and Keval, H. 2016. The impact of dispersal powers on congregating youth. Safer Communities. 15 (4). https://doi.org/10.1108/SC-11-2015-0038
History of criminal investigation
Tong, S. 2016. History of criminal investigation.
Training the effective detective: a case-study examining the role of training in learning to be a detective
Tong, S. 2005. Training the effective detective: a case-study examining the role of training in learning to be a detective. PhD Thesis University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology
Conclusion: challenges and changes in police research
Tong, S. and Martin, D. 2015. Conclusion: challenges and changes in police research. in: Brunger, M., Tong, S. and Martin, D. (ed.) Introduction to Policing Research: Taking Lessons From Practice London Routledge. pp. 217-223
From the briefing room to the class room: the pedagogical value of researching police elites
Tong, S., Brunger, M., Caless, B. and Gilbert, P. 2015. From the briefing room to the class room: the pedagogical value of researching police elites. in: Brunger, M., Tong, S. and Martin, D. (ed.) Introduction to Policing Research: Taking Lesson From Practice London Routledge. pp. 137-148
Introduction to policing research
Brunger, M., Tong, S. and Martin, D. 2015. Introduction to policing research. in: Brunger, M., Tong, S. and Martin, D. (ed.) Introduction to Policing Research: Taking Lessons From Practice London Routledge. pp. 1-5
Introduction to policing research: taking lessons from practice
Tong, S. Brunger, M., Tong, S. and Martin, D. (ed.) 2015. Introduction to policing research: taking lessons from practice. London Routledge.
Women and police leadership: a European insight
Tong, S. and Silvestri, M. 2015. Women and police leadership: a European insight.
Evidence-based policing: from effectiveness to cost-effectiveness
Tong, S. and Heaton, R. 2016. Evidence-based policing: from effectiveness to cost-effectiveness. Policing: A Journal for Policy and Practice. 10 (1), pp. 60-70. https://doi.org/doi:10.1093/police/pav030
Child homicide: generating victim and suspect risk profiles
Roach, J. and Bryant, R. 2015. Child homicide: generating victim and suspect risk profiles. Journal of Criminal Psychology. 5 (3), pp. 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCP-04-2015-0013
Leading policing in Europe: an empirical study of police leadership
Caless, B. and Tong, S. 2015. Leading policing in Europe: an empirical study of police leadership. Bristol Policy Press.
Leadership policing in Europe: an empirical study on police leadership
Caless, B. and Tong, S. 2015. Leadership policing in Europe: an empirical study on police leadership. European Police Science and Research Bulletin. Summer (12), pp. 13-17.
Watching the detectives: researching investigative practice
Hallenberg, K., O'Neill, M. and Tong, S. 2015. Watching the detectives: researching investigative practice. in: Brunger, M., Tong, S. and Martin, D. (ed.) Introduction to Policing Research: Taking Lessons From Practice London Routledge. pp. 101-117
Police education in England and Wales: a changing landscape
Tong, S. 2014. Police education in England and Wales: a changing landscape.
Evolving partnership and collaboration
Tong, S. 2013. Evolving partnership and collaboration.
Mediating serious crime: an analysis of adult prison restorative justice mediation
Bryant, R., Tong, S., Waters, B., Williams, E. and Norman, J. 2014. Mediating serious crime: an analysis of adult prison restorative justice mediation. London Nuffield Foundation.
Policing digital crime
Bryant, R., Bryant, R., Bennett, D., Day, E., Kennedy, I. and Stephens, P. Bryant, R. and Bryant, R. (ed.) 2014. Policing digital crime. Farnham Ashgate.
Police training and education: past, present and future
Bryant, R., Cockcroft, T., Tong, S. and Wood, D. 2013. Police training and education: past, present and future. in: Brown, J. (ed.) The Future of Policing London Routledge.
Graduate police officers: releasing the potential for pre-employment university programmes for aspiring officers
Tong, S. and Wood, D. 2011. Graduate police officers: releasing the potential for pre-employment university programmes for aspiring officers. The Police Journal. 84 (1), pp. 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1350/pojo.2011.84.1.513
Privatisation of agencies in the public sector
Tong, S. 2013. Privatisation of agencies in the public sector.
The more serious the offence, the more powerful the effect? An evaluation of victim-offender mediation in a prison setting. Report for the European Forum for Restorative Justice, The 6th Biennial Forum Proceedings 2010.
Tong, S. and O'Mahoney, J. 2011. The more serious the offence, the more powerful the effect? An evaluation of victim-offender mediation in a prison setting. Report for the European Forum for Restorative Justice, The 6th Biennial Forum Proceedings 2010.
Gender and police leadership: time for a paradigm shift?
Silvestri, M., Tong, S. and Brown, J. 2013. Gender and police leadership: time for a paradigm shift? International Journal of Police Science and Management. 15 (1), pp. 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2013.15.1.303
Investigative decision making: missing people and sexual offences, crossroads to an uncertain future
Alys, L., Massey, K. and Tong, S. 2012. Investigative decision making: missing people and sexual offences, crossroads to an uncertain future.
Submission to the Home Affairs Committee inquiry into leadership and standards in the police. (Written evidence.)
Bryant, R., Tong, S. and Wood, D. 2012. Submission to the Home Affairs Committee inquiry into leadership and standards in the police. (Written evidence.). London Home Office.
Graduate Police Officers: releasing the potential for pre-employment university programmes for aspiring police officers
Tong, S. 2010. Graduate Police Officers: releasing the potential for pre-employment university programmes for aspiring police officers.
Training the effective detective: report of recommendations
Tong, S. 2005. Training the effective detective: report of recommendations.
Watching the detectives
Tong, S. 2000. Watching the detectives.
Investigating effectiveness: competing ideologies and police performance management
Tong, S. 2002. Investigating effectiveness: competing ideologies and police performance management.
'Art, craft & science: contemporary detective practice’
Tong, S. 2010. 'Art, craft & science: contemporary detective practice’.
Police leadership: an historical account of the development of police leaders
Caless, B. and Tong, S. 2011. Police leadership: an historical account of the development of police leaders.
Restorative justice in prisons: a presentation to Kent Probation Service victim seminar
O'Mahoney, J. and Tong, S. 2011. Restorative justice in prisons: a presentation to Kent Probation Service victim seminar.
Skills and abilities in crime investigation: the investigative journalist versus the detective
Poyser, S. and Tong, S. 2011. Skills and abilities in crime investigation: the investigative journalist versus the detective.
Criminal investigation and higher education: a crossroads to an uncertain future
Murphy, R., Tong, S. and Underwood, R. 2011. Criminal investigation and higher education: a crossroads to an uncertain future.
Police research and interviewing police elites
Tong, S. 2011. Police research and interviewing police elites.
The science of criminal investigation
Tong, S. 2011. The science of criminal investigation.
The detective past and present: an examination of an evolving profession
Tong, S. 2011. The detective past and present: an examination of an evolving profession.
Policing research in an age of austerity
Brunger, M. and Tong, S. 2012. Policing research in an age of austerity.
Criminal investigation and higher education: a crossroads to an uncertain future
Massey, K. and Tong, S. 2012. Criminal investigation and higher education: a crossroads to an uncertain future.
ASC 547 higher education and policing. Report submitted to the Higher Education Academy Social Sciences Cluster
Bryant, R., Bryant, S., Tong, S. and Wood, D. 2012. ASC 547 higher education and policing. Report submitted to the Higher Education Academy Social Sciences Cluster. Higher Education Academy.
Discretion and decision making
Tong, S. and Wood, D. 2009. Discretion and decision making. The Police Online Knowledge Area (POLKA).
An appropriate space: chief officers and police accountability
Caless, B. and Tong, S. 2011. An appropriate space: chief officers and police accountability. Police Practice and Research. 14 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2011.645613
Investigative decision making: missing people and sexual offences, crossroads to an uncertain future
Tong, S., Massey, K. and Alys, L. 2013. Investigative decision making: missing people and sexual offences, crossroads to an uncertain future. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. 10 (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1382
Confessions of a back seat detective: an ethnography of detective training and practice
Tong, S. 2008. Confessions of a back seat detective: an ethnography of detective training and practice.
In need of professionalisation: the case for pre-employment training and education for police officers in the UK
Tong, S. 2008. In need of professionalisation: the case for pre-employment training and education for police officers in the UK.
Developments in initial police training: a university perspective
Tong, S. 2008. Developments in initial police training: a university perspective.
Toward a theory of intelligence
Bryant, R. 2008. Toward a theory of intelligence.
Applying for your first academic job
Tong, S. 2009. Applying for your first academic job.
Conducting research interviews in a policing context
Tong, S. 2009. Conducting research interviews in a policing context.
Interim report: An evaluation of adult prison RJ (Restorative Justice) mediation
Bryant, R., O'Mahoney, J., Waters, B. and Tong, S. 2009. Interim report: An evaluation of adult prison RJ (Restorative Justice) mediation. Canterbury, Kent, UK Canterbury Christ Church University.
An evaluation of the Broadstairs dispersal area
Bryant, R. and Cockcroft, T. 2009. An evaluation of the Broadstairs dispersal area. Thanet District Council.
Restorative justice in prisons
Bryant, R. 2009. Restorative justice in prisons.
Teaching and training in post-compulsory education
Armitage, A., Bryant, R., Dunnill, R., Hammersley, A., Hayes, D., Hudson, A. and Lawes, S. 1998. Teaching and training in post-compulsory education. Buckingham; Philadelphia Open University Press.
Initial police training: challenges and developments in the UK
Phipps, J., Tong, S. and Wood, D. 2007. Initial police training: challenges and developments in the UK.
Adult prisoner victim-offender mediation: the Kent experience
O'Mahoney, J. and Tong, S. 2010. Adult prisoner victim-offender mediation: the Kent experience. Resolution: News from the Restorative Justice Council. 34, p. 8.
The work of the European cybercrime training and education group
Bryant, R. 2010. The work of the European cybercrime training and education group.
An analysis of conversion to UCAS 'Accepted Applicant' status of AHKM partnership school students
Apps, J., Bryant, R. and Rogers, R. 2010. An analysis of conversion to UCAS 'Accepted Applicant' status of AHKM partnership school students. Aimhigher Kent and Medway.
Professionalising investigation
Tong, S. 2009. Professionalising investigation. in: Tong, S., Bryant, R. and Horvarth, M. (ed.) Understanding Criminal Investigation Oxford, UK Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 197-216
Assessing performance: quantity or quality?
Tong, S. 2009. Assessing performance: quantity or quality? in: Tong, S., Bryant, R. and Horvarth, M. (ed.) Understanding Criminal Investigation Oxford, UK Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 135-171
Introduction: a brief history of criminal investigation
Tong, S. 2009. Introduction: a brief history of criminal investigation. in: Tong, S., Bryant, R. and Horvarth, M. (ed.) Understanding Criminal Investigation Oxford, UK Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1-12
Police discretion: a British perspective
Tong, S. 2011. Police discretion: a British perspective. in: Palmiotto, M. and Unnithan, N. (ed.) Policing and Society: A Global Approach New York Cengage Learning.
Resources for teaching and learning
Bryant, R. 2007. Resources for teaching and learning. in: Armitage, A., Bryant, R., Dunnill, R., Flanagan, K., Hayes, D., Hudson, A., Kent, J. and Lawes, S. (ed.) Teaching and Training in Post-Compulsory Education Maidenhead Open University Press. pp. 108-142
Art, craft and science of detective work
Tong, S. and Bowling, B. 2006. Art, craft and science of detective work. The Police Journal. 79 (4), pp. 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1350/pojo.2006.79.4.323
Validation and quality assurance of foundation degrees - a case study of a foundation degree in policing
Bryant, R. 2005. Validation and quality assurance of foundation degrees - a case study of a foundation degree in policing. Journal of Foundation Degree Forward. 5, pp. 48-53.
Understanding criminal investigation
Tong, S., Bryant, R. and Horvath, M. Tong, S., Bryant, R. and Horvarth, M. (ed.) 2009. Understanding criminal investigation. Oxford, UK Wiley-Blackwell.
Future challenges in criminal investigation
Tong, S., Bryant, R. and Horvath, M. 2009. Future challenges in criminal investigation. in: Tong, S., Bryant, R. and Horvarth, M. (ed.) Understanding Criminal Investigation Oxford, UK Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 217-222
Criminal investigation in context
Tong, S., Bryant, R. and Horvath, M. 2009. Criminal investigation in context. in: Tong, S., Bryant, R. and Horvarth, M. (ed.) Understanding Criminal Investigation Oxford, UK Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 171-196
Forms of reasoning and the analysis of intelligence
Bryant, R. 2009. Forms of reasoning and the analysis of intelligence. in: Tong, S., Bryant, R. and Horvarth, M. (ed.) Understanding Criminal Investigation Oxford, UK Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 35-68
Theories of criminal investigation
Bryant, R. 2009. Theories of criminal investigation. in: Tong, S., Bryant, R. and Horvarth, M. (ed.) Understanding Criminal Investigation Oxford, UK Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 13-34
Plastic card crime
Bryant, R. and Stephens, P. 2008. Plastic card crime. in: Bryant, R. (ed.) Investigating Digital Crime Chichester Wiley. pp. 133-151
Digitalisation and crime
Bryant, R. and Stephens, P. 2008. Digitalisation and crime. in: Bryant, R. (ed.) Investigating Digital Crime Chichester Wiley. pp. 211-230
The future of initial police training: a university perspective
Wood, D. and Tong, S. 2009. The future of initial police training: a university perspective. International Journal of Police Science and Management. 11 (3), pp. 294-305. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2009.11.3.131
Intelligence and its application to contemporary policing
Phillips, D., Caless, B. and Bryant, R. 2007. Intelligence and its application to contemporary policing. Policing. 1 (4), pp. 438-446. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pam060
Critical issues in rape investigation: a UK perspective
Tong, S., Horvath, M. and Williams, E. 2011. Critical issues in rape investigation: a UK perspective. The Journal of Criminal Justice Research. 1 (2), pp. 1-18.
Interagency policing
Tong, S. 2008. Interagency policing. in: Newburn, T. and Neyroud, P. (ed.) Dictionary of Policing Abingdon, UK Willan. pp. 148-149
Foundations of the theory of maps on surfaces with boundary
Bryant, R. and Singerman, D. 1985. Foundations of the theory of maps on surfaces with boundary. The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics. 36 (1), pp. 17-41. https://doi.org/10.1093/qmath/36.1.17