The maritime theatre, 1258-1267

Historians studying the Barons’ War of 1263-67, the bitter conflict between the English monarch, Henry III, and his baronage, under the leadership of Simon de Montfort, have overwhelmingly concentrated upon the land-based campaigns of Lewes and Evesham. Others have similarly focused upon the protracted siege of Kenilworth Castle in 1266. Yet surprisingly little attention has been paid by scholars to the naval aspects of this crucial period in English history. Throughout the hostilities the English Channel was the scene of constant maritime activity. Men and equipment from continental supporters were transported across the Dover Straits while emissaries crossed incessantly. There were no set piece battles, but the war at sea saw several amphibious operations and vessels from the Cinque Ports actively engaged in piratical raids on merchant shipping.

This essay argues that the maritime theatre during the Barons’ War was far more significant than has been previously recognised. Emphasising the importance of seapower in both royalist and Montfortian strategic planning, it will discuss how maritime considerations directly impacted upon land-based campaigns. The actual war at sea will be traced, examining in detail certain actions including the amphibious assault made on Portsmouth in November 1265. Finally the paper will analyse the logistics that underpinned these operations and illustrate the importance both parties attached to the naval campaign.