Sporting equality and gender neutrality in korfball

Journal article


Gubby, L. and Wellard, I. 2015. Sporting equality and gender neutrality in korfball. Sport in Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1096261
AuthorsGubby, L. and Wellard, I.
Abstract

This paper explores the extent to which korfball can be considered egalitarian. The intention of this research was to use ethnographic methods to discover the ways in which gender was negotiated, challenged or recreated in a junior korfball setting and examine to what extent korfball provided an opportunity to promote gender egalitarianism. Analysis of the data incorporated a broad Foucauldian lens and subsequently revealed that sex equality was visible to some degree in the junior korfball space. From observations and interviews it was clear that male domination was rarely evident when considering the vocal nature of the game, the physicality and competitiveness of players, or their general ability and skill, yet when interviewed players still constructed gender in traditional ways. Nevertheless, korfball was seen to offer a space where there were possibilities for sporting equality although the influence that the sport had beyond the court was less apparent.

KeywordsKorfball; equality; gender; mixed-sex; Foucault
Year2015
JournalSport in Society
PublisherTaylor & Francis
ISSN1743-0437
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1096261
Publication dates
Online10 Nov 2015
Publication process dates
Deposited04 Sep 2015
Accepted01 Sep 2015
Output statusPublished
File
Permalink -

https://repository.canterbury.ac.uk/item/876qv/sporting-equality-and-gender-neutrality-in-korfball

Download files

  • 210
    total views
  • 523
    total downloads
  • 1
    views this month
  • 1
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Using sensory methods for researching disability in physical education.
Brighton, J., Powis, B. and Gubby, L. 2024. Using sensory methods for researching disability in physical education. in: Maher, A. J., Haegele, J. and Coates, J. (ed.) Routledge Handbook of Qualitative Methods for Researching Disability in Physical Education London Routledge, Taylor and Francis.
Sexism, abuse and threatening behaviour: experiences of women football referees in amateur and semi-professional men’s football in the UK
Gubby, L. and Martin, Shannon 2024. Sexism, abuse and threatening behaviour: experiences of women football referees in amateur and semi-professional men’s football in the UK. Sport, Education and Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2024.2324376
Gym bodies: Exploring fitness cultures
Brighton, J., Wellard, I. and Clark, A. 2022. Gym bodies: Exploring fitness cultures. London Routledge, Taylor and Francis.
"If I see a man walking alone without a dog, without a person, I always feel a bit uneasy": Safety perceptions of female trail runners
Gubby, L. 2022. "If I see a man walking alone without a dog, without a person, I always feel a bit uneasy": Safety perceptions of female trail runners.
The importance of an organic process in ethnographic research: Working with children in a physical activity setting
Gubby, L. 2021. The importance of an organic process in ethnographic research: Working with children in a physical activity setting . Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. 28 (2), pp. 109-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2021.1955096
Learning about bodies and the lived consequences
Hornsey, R. and Gubby, L. 2020. Learning about bodies and the lived consequences. Journal of Sociology. 57 (4), pp. 935-949. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783320978704
#Greatcoaching within sport
Howells, K., Gubby, L., Dray, K. and Mills, H. 2019. #Greatcoaching within sport. Expert Comments
#BalanceforBetter within sport
Howells, K., Gubby, L., Dray, K. and Mills, H. 2019. #BalanceforBetter within sport. CCCU website Media Department.
'Fat' bodies: where do they stand?
Gubby, L. and Hornsey, R. 2019. 'Fat' bodies: where do they stand? 3rd Annual Learning and Teaching Conference and Scholarship Day (Faculty of Education). Canterbury Christ Church University 07 Feb 2019
Iron girl – patronising or inclusive?
Howells, K. and Gubby, L. 2019. Iron girl – patronising or inclusive? CCCU website Canterbury Christ Church University.
Resisting dominant gender discourse in physical education
Gubby, L. 2018. Resisting dominant gender discourse in physical education. Scholarship Day: Critical Pedagogies. Canterbury Christ Church University 01 Feb 2018
Does korfball have the potential to resist current gender discourses in PE?: perspectives of junior korfball players
Gubby, L. 2018. Does korfball have the potential to resist current gender discourses in PE?: perspectives of junior korfball players.
Castle’s competition model for building confidence and competence in action
Castle, N., Howells, K. and Gubby, L. 2018. Castle’s competition model for building confidence and competence in action.
The impact of wellbeing on the physical activities of occupational therapy (OT) for a child with dyspraxia
Power, L., Howells, K. and Gubby, L. 2018. The impact of wellbeing on the physical activities of occupational therapy (OT) for a child with dyspraxia.
What is the impact of wellbeing on the physical activities of occupational therapy for a child with dyspraxia?
Power, L., Howells, K. and Gubby, L. 2017. What is the impact of wellbeing on the physical activities of occupational therapy for a child with dyspraxia?
Whose body is it anyway? A sociological reflection upon fitness and wellbeing
Wellard, I. 2018. Whose body is it anyway? A sociological reflection upon fitness and wellbeing. Abingdon Routledge.
We need a revived importance of PE to help children be active
Gubby, L. 2018. We need a revived importance of PE to help children be active.
This girl can
Gubby, L. 2018. This girl can.
Embodied learning through climbing
Gubby, L. 2018. Embodied learning through climbing. Sport and Body Cultures Embodied Thought of the Month.
Can korfball facilitate mixed-PE in the UK? the perspectives of junior korfball players
Gubby, L. 2018. Can korfball facilitate mixed-PE in the UK? the perspectives of junior korfball players. Sport, Education and Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2018.1519506
Young children’s physical activity levels in primary (elementary) schools: what impact does physical education lessons have for young children?
Howells, K., Wellard, I. and Woolf-May, K. 2018. Young children’s physical activity levels in primary (elementary) schools: what impact does physical education lessons have for young children? Early Child Development and Care. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1490899
We need more female role models in sport to inspire the next generation
Howells, K., Gubby, L., Dray, K. and Mills, H. 2018. We need more female role models in sport to inspire the next generation. Canterbury Christ Church University.
Sporting equality and gender neutrality in korfball
Gubby, L. and Wellard, I. 2017. Sporting equality and gender neutrality in korfball. in: Channon, A., Dashper, K., Fletcher, T. and Lake, R. (ed.) Sex Integration in Sport and Physical Culture: Promises and Pitfalls London Routledge.
Researching embodied sport and movement cultures: theoretical and methodological considerations
Wellard, I. 2018. Researching embodied sport and movement cultures: theoretical and methodological considerations. in: Leigh, J. (ed.) Conversations on Embodiment Across Higher Education: Teaching, Practice and Research UK Routledge.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the potential local economic impact of tourism and leisure cycling and the development of an evidence-based market segmentation
Weed, M., Bull, C., Brown, M., Dowse, S., Lovell, J., Mansfield, L. and Wellard, I. 2014. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the potential local economic impact of tourism and leisure cycling and the development of an evidence-based market segmentation. Tourism Review International. 18 (1-2), pp. 37-55. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427214X13990420684482
Embodied practices in korfball
Gubby, L. 2015. Embodied practices in korfball. in: Wellard, I. (ed.) Researching Embodied Sport: Exploring Movement Cultures London Routledge. pp. 86-100
Putting theory into practice: developing increased physical literacy in children through CrossFit and strength and conditioning activities
Wellard, I. and Perry, J. Putting theory into practice: developing increased physical literacy in children through CrossFit and strength and conditioning activities.
Embodied learning through HIIT
Gubby, L. and Wellard, I. 2017. Embodied learning through HIIT. Sport and Body Cultures Embodied Thought of the Month.
Technologies of fitness: CrossFit, body politics and embodied wellbeing.
Wellard, I. 2016. Technologies of fitness: CrossFit, body politics and embodied wellbeing.
The pleasures and pains in the sporting zone: an embodied perspective
Wellard, I. and Pickard, A. 2017. The pleasures and pains in the sporting zone: an embodied perspective. in: Jordan, T., Woodward, K. and McClure, B. (ed.) Culture, Identity and Intense Performativity: Being in the Zone London Routledge.
Gendered performances in sport: an embodied approach
Wellard, I. 2016. Gendered performances in sport: an embodied approach. Palgrave Communications. 2. https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2016.3
Can sport provide a space for gender equality?: A qualitative study of children who play korfball
Gubby, L. 2016. Can sport provide a space for gender equality?: A qualitative study of children who play korfball. PhD Thesis Canterbury Christ Church University Faculty of Education
Gym bodies (1): personal training
Wellard, I. 2015. Gym bodies (1): personal training. Sport and Body Cultures Embodied Thought of the Month. 1, pp. 31-34.
Understanding past sporting experiences in the present
Wellard, I. 2015. Understanding past sporting experiences in the present. Sport and Body Cultures Embodied Thought of the Month. 1, pp. 25-26.
Embodied sporting friendships
Wellard, I. 2015. Embodied sporting friendships. Sport and Body Cultures Embodied Thought of the Month. 1, pp. 16-18.
Boxing, violence and sadism
Wellard, I. 2015. Boxing, violence and sadism. Sport and Body Cultures Embodied Thought of the Month. 1, pp. 9-11.
Pleasurable suffering: thinking about pleasure and pain
Wellard, I. 2015. Pleasurable suffering: thinking about pleasure and pain. Sport and Body Cultures Embodied Thought of the Month. 1, pp. 6-8.
‘Visions’ for children’s health and wellbeing: exploring the complex and arbitrary processes of putting theory into practice
Wellard, I. and Secker, M. 2017. ‘Visions’ for children’s health and wellbeing: exploring the complex and arbitrary processes of putting theory into practice. Sport, Education and Society. 22 (5). https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2015.1116443
‘I felt like someone had a knife and they were dragging it up and down my legs’: exploring embodied experiences in adult recreational sport
Wellard, I. 2015. ‘I felt like someone had a knife and they were dragging it up and down my legs’: exploring embodied experiences in adult recreational sport.
The Olympic Games and raising sports participation: a systematic review of evidence and an interrogation of policy for a demonstration effect
Weed, M., Coren, E., Fiore, J., Wellard, I., Chatziefstathiou, D. and Suzanne, D. 2015. The Olympic Games and raising sports participation: a systematic review of evidence and an interrogation of policy for a demonstration effect. European Sport Management Quarterly. 15 (2). https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.998695
Shorts and Skorts: Endeavouring to Eliminate Difference on the Korfball Pitch
Gubby, L. 2013. Shorts and Skorts: Endeavouring to Eliminate Difference on the Korfball Pitch.
The historical contextualisation of korfball
Gubby, L. 2011. The historical contextualisation of korfball.
'Gender, What's that?': Working together and eliminating gender difference in junior korfball
Gubby, L. 2013. 'Gender, What's that?': Working together and eliminating gender difference in junior korfball.
Mind the Gap: An analysis of how quality assurance processes influence programme assessment patterns
Jessop, T., McNab, N. and Gubby, L. 2012. Mind the Gap: An analysis of how quality assurance processes influence programme assessment patterns. Active Learning in Higher Education. 13 (2), pp. 143-154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787412441285
Current discussions on the pressures for, and the potential impacts of, korfball being awarded entry into the sport-gender-media nexus
Gubby, L. 2012. Current discussions on the pressures for, and the potential impacts of, korfball being awarded entry into the sport-gender-media nexus.
Men, ageing bodies and sport: an embodied approach
Wellard, I. 2014. Men, ageing bodies and sport: an embodied approach.
Gender and the ageing body in physical cultures: an embodied approach.
Wellard, I. 2013. Gender and the ageing body in physical cultures: an embodied approach.
The relationship between cycle tourism and sustainable transport in the UK
Weed, M., Bull, C., Brown, M., Dowse, S., Lovell, J., Mansfield, L. and Wellard, I. 2014. The relationship between cycle tourism and sustainable transport in the UK. Tourism Review International. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427214X13990420684644
Space frontiers for new pedagogies: a tale of constraints and possibilities
Jessop, T., Gubby, L. and Smith, A. 2011. Space frontiers for new pedagogies: a tale of constraints and possibilities. Studies in Higher Education. 37 (2), pp. 189-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2010.503270
Do physical education lessons increase physical activity levels of primary aged children? - Preliminary findings
Howells, K., Wellard, I. and Woolf-May, K. 2009. Do physical education lessons increase physical activity levels of primary aged children? - Preliminary findings. in: MacPhail, A. and Young, A. (ed.) Promoting Physical Education Across Schools and Communities. Proceedings of the Fourth Physical Education, Physical Activity and Youth Sport Forum Limerick University of Limerick. pp. 23-31
Do physical education lessons contribute to children's physical activity levels?
Howells, K., Wellard, I. and Woolf-May, K. 2010. Do physical education lessons contribute to children's physical activity levels? in: Enright, E. and Tindall, D. (ed.) A Shared Vision for Physical Education, Physical Activity and Youth Sport. Proceedings of the Fifth Physical Education, Physical Activity and Youth Sport Forum Limerick University of Limerick. pp. 46-53
Sport, fun and enjoyment: an embodied approach
Wellard, I. 2013. Sport, fun and enjoyment: an embodied approach. London Routledge.
The influence of reputation information on the assessment of undergraduate student work
Batten, J., Batey, J., Shafe, L., Gubby, L. and Birch, P. 2013. The influence of reputation information on the assessment of undergraduate student work. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education. 38 (4), pp. 417-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2011.640928
Primary pupils’ perceptions of talent in physical education
Wellard, I., Carney, P. and Bailey, R. 2006. Primary pupils’ perceptions of talent in physical education.
The engagement of further and higher education with the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games II
Weed, M., Dowse, S., Foad, A. and Wellard, I. 2012. The engagement of further and higher education with the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games II. Podium.
The engagement of further and higher education with the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games
Weed, M., Wellard, I., Dowse, S., Mansfield, L., Swain, J. and Gubby, L. 2011. The engagement of further and higher education with the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Podium.
Sporting initiatives aimed at achieving 'greater' wellbeing and participation in young people: exploring intersections and conflicts
Wellard, I. 2012. Sporting initiatives aimed at achieving 'greater' wellbeing and participation in young people: exploring intersections and conflicts.
Change 4 Life Sports Clubs: school sport clubs that are engaging less active young people using the inspiration of the Olympics and Paralympics
Wellard, I. and Wright, C. 2011. Change 4 Life Sports Clubs: school sport clubs that are engaging less active young people using the inspiration of the Olympics and Paralympics. Researching Youth Sport, Health and Wellbeing in Challenging Times. Brunel University, London 16 Nov 2011
Sport, children’s bodies and wellbeing: exploring experiences and reflecting upon pleasure.
Wellard, I. 2011. Sport, children’s bodies and wellbeing: exploring experiences and reflecting upon pleasure.
Wellbeing, health and sport initiatives aimed at young people: visions, experiences and reflections
Wellard, I. 2011. Wellbeing, health and sport initiatives aimed at young people: visions, experiences and reflections.
Developing a physical activity legacy from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: a policy-led systematic review
Weed, M., Coren, E., Fiore, J., Wellard, I., Mansfield, L., Chatziefstathiou, D. and Dowse, S. 2012. Developing a physical activity legacy from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: a policy-led systematic review. Perspectives in Public Health. 132 (2), pp. 75-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913911435758
Sport, young people and wellbeing
Wellard, I. 2014. Sport, young people and wellbeing. in: Michalos, A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life Research Springer.
Girls and physical activities: an update
Wellard, I. 2011. Girls and physical activities: an update. Education and Health. 29 (3), pp. 46-50.
Starting points and destinations: negotiating factual and fictional pathways: a response to Gilbourne, Jones and Jordan
Wellard, I. 2014. Starting points and destinations: negotiating factual and fictional pathways: a response to Gilbourne, Jones and Jordan. Sport, Education and Society. 19 (1), pp. 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2011.633773
Body-reflexive pleasures: exploring bodily experiences within the context of sport and physical activity
Wellard, I. 2012. Body-reflexive pleasures: exploring bodily experiences within the context of sport and physical activity. Sport, Education and Society. 17 (1), pp. 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2011.607910
Primary school case study on physical education's contribution to physical activity levels
Howells, K., Wellard, I. and Woolf-May, K. 2009. Primary school case study on physical education's contribution to physical activity levels.
Primary school case study on physical education's contribution to physical activity levels
Howells, K., Wellard, I. and Woolf-May, K. 2009. Primary school case study on physical education's contribution to physical activity levels.
Developing a physical activity, sport and health legacy from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games
Mansfield, L., Weed, M., Coren, E., Fiore, J., Wellard, I., Chatziefstathiou, D. and Dowse, S. 2009. Developing a physical activity, sport and health legacy from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Department of Health.
The diffusion of International and Olympic sport through regional games: A comparison of pre- and post-Second war contexts
Chatziefstathiou, D., Weed, M., Coren, E., Fiore, J., Wellard, I., Mansfield, L. and Dowse, S. 2009. The diffusion of International and Olympic sport through regional games: A comparison of pre- and post-Second war contexts. Department of Health.
Re-thinking abilities
Wellard, I. 2006. Re-thinking abilities. Sport, Education and Society. 11 (3).
A systematic review of the evidence base for developing a physical activity, sport and health legacy from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: report to funders
Weed, M., Coren, E., Fiore, J., Mansfield, L., Wellard, I., Chatziefstathiou, D. and Dowse, S. 2008. A systematic review of the evidence base for developing a physical activity, sport and health legacy from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: report to funders. Canterbury, UK Physical Activity Network West Midlands on behalf of Regional Physical Activity Teams in the West Midlands, the East Midlands, the East of England, London and the South East.
A flame inside me is ignited when I dance: Physical activity and embodied reflexive practices in young ballet dancers
Wellard, I. 2005. A flame inside me is ignited when I dance: Physical activity and embodied reflexive practices in young ballet dancers.
Investigating talented girls in dance
Wellard, I. and Pickard, A. 2005. Investigating talented girls in dance.
Performing sporting masculinities: sexuality, body practices and gay identities
Wellard, I. 2005. Performing sporting masculinities: sexuality, body practices and gay identities.
Making spaces for sport and the arts
Dismore, H. and Wellard, I. 2006. Making spaces for sport and the arts.
Queer sport for all: to what extent does gay sport address inclusion and human rights?
Wellard, I. 2006. Queer sport for all: to what extent does gay sport address inclusion and human rights?
Masculinities on the move: negotiating male identities within the context of physical education and dance
Wellard, I. 2006. Masculinities on the move: negotiating male identities within the context of physical education and dance.
Transcending the heteronormative in sport: masculine sporting identities, sexuality and in/exclusive practices
Wellard, I. 2006. Transcending the heteronormative in sport: masculine sporting identities, sexuality and in/exclusive practices.
Inflexible bodies and inflexible minds: Gendered imbalances within the context of physical education and dance
Wellard, I. 2007. Inflexible bodies and inflexible minds: Gendered imbalances within the context of physical education and dance.
Communities of physical education practice in schools: Placing gendered limits upon lifelong sporting participation
Wellard, I. 2008. Communities of physical education practice in schools: Placing gendered limits upon lifelong sporting participation.
Body reflexive pleasures: exploring bodily experiences within the context of sport and physical activity
Wellard, I. 2009. Body reflexive pleasures: exploring bodily experiences within the context of sport and physical activity.
Canterbury City Council play strategy: report on a research and consultation project
Powell, S., Bailey, R. and Wellard, I. 2005. Canterbury City Council play strategy: report on a research and consultation project. Canterbury, UK Canterbury City Council.
Policies and play: the impact of national policies on children's opportunities for play
Powell, S. and Wellard, I. 2008. Policies and play: the impact of national policies on children's opportunities for play. London, UK Play England.
Sport, masculinities and the body: an exploration
Wellard, I. 2009. Sport, masculinities and the body: an exploration.
Keeping sport queer: maintaining the challenge to exclusive masculinity
Wellard, I. 2004. Keeping sport queer: maintaining the challenge to exclusive masculinity. Inter-Cultural Studies. 4 (1).
Sport, gender and embodied reflexive pleasures
Wellard, I. 2010. Sport, gender and embodied reflexive pleasures.
Girls' participation in physical activities and sports: benefits, patterns, influences and ways forward
Bailey, R., Wellard, I. and Dismore, H. 2004. Girls' participation in physical activities and sports: benefits, patterns, influences and ways forward. World Health Organisation.
Policies and play: the impact of national policies on children's opportunities for play
Powell, S. and Wellard, I. 2008. Policies and play: the impact of national policies on children's opportunities for play. London National Children’s Bureau.
Sport, body performance and the maintenance of 'exclusive masculinity'
Wellard, I. 2003. Sport, body performance and the maintenance of 'exclusive masculinity'. in: Fleming, S. and Jones, I. (ed.) Leisure Cultures: investigations in sport, media and technology Eastbourne Leisure Studies Association.
Active bodies for 'real' men: reflecting upon the social constructions of activity and passivity for gendered and sexually identified bodies
Wellard, I. 2005. Active bodies for 'real' men: reflecting upon the social constructions of activity and passivity for gendered and sexually identified bodies. in: Bramham, P. and Caudwell, J. (ed.) Sport, Active Leisure and Youth Cultures Eastbourne Leisure Studies Association.
Making spaces for sport and the arts
Dismore, H., Wellard, I. and Bailey, R. 2006. Making spaces for sport and the arts. in: Atchison, C., Richards, G. and Tallon, A. (ed.) Urban Transformations: Regeneration and Renewal in Leisure and Tourism Eastbourne Leisure Studies Association.
Transcending the heteronormative in sport: masculine sporting identities, sexuality and in/exclusive practices
Wellard, I. 2009. Transcending the heteronormative in sport: masculine sporting identities, sexuality and in/exclusive practices. in: Liotard, P. (ed.) Sport, homosexualites, homophobie Editions Quasimodo.
Sexuality and youth sport
Wellard, I. 2011. Sexuality and youth sport. in: Dagkas, S. and Armour, K. (ed.) Inclusion and Exclusion through Youth Sport London Routledge.
Girls and physical activities: a summary review
Bailey, R., Wellard, I. and Dismore, H. 2005. Girls and physical activities: a summary review. Education and Health. 23 (1), pp. 3-5.
Sport, masculinities and the body
Wellard, I. 2009. Sport, masculinities and the body. London Routledge.
Exploring the limits of queer and sport: gay men playing tennis
Wellard, I. 2006. Exploring the limits of queer and sport: gay men playing tennis. in: Caudwell, J. (ed.) Sport, Sexualities and Queer/Theory London Routledge. pp. 76-89
'A shock of electricity just sort of goes through my body': physical activity and embodied reflexive practices in young female ballet dancers
Wellard, I., Pickard, A. and Bailey, R. 2007. 'A shock of electricity just sort of goes through my body': physical activity and embodied reflexive practices in young female ballet dancers. Gender and Education. 19 (1), pp. 79-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540250601087793
Able bodies and sport participation: social constructions of physical ability for gendered and sexually identified bodies
Wellard, I. 2006. Able bodies and sport participation: social constructions of physical ability for gendered and sexually identified bodies. Sport, Education and Society. 11 (2), pp. 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573320600640645
Men, sport, body performance and the maintenance of 'exclusive masculinity'
Wellard, I. 2003. Men, sport, body performance and the maintenance of 'exclusive masculinity'. Leisure Studies. 21 (3-4), pp. 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/0261436022000030641
A systematic review of evidence for the potential of live sites to generate community and public health outcomes
Weed, M., Dowse, S., Chatziefstathiou, D., Lovell, J., Mansfield, L. and Wellard, I. 2010. A systematic review of evidence for the potential of live sites to generate community and public health outcomes. Dover National Health Service.