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application/pdf
Bacterial Adaptation to Venom in Snakes and Arachnida
10.1128/spectrum.02408-21
Elham Esmaeilishirazifard
Louise Usher
Carol Trim
Hubert Denise
Vartul Sangal
Gregory H. Tyson
Axel Barlow
Keith F. Redway
John D. Taylor
Myrto Kremyda-Vlachou
Sam Davies
Teresa D. Loftus
Mikaella M. G. Lock
Kstir Wright
Andrew Dalby
Lori A. S. Snyder
Wolfgang Wuster
Steve Trim
Sterghios A. Moschos
Research Article
Research Article
drug resistance evolution
extremophiles
genome analysis
microbiome
multidrug resistance
venom
American Society for Microbiology
Esmaeilishirazifard et al.
Copyright © 2022 Esmaeilishirazifard et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
20220509
drug resistance evolution; extremophiles; genome analysis; microbiome; multidrug resistance; venom
Adobe LiveCycle PDF Generator; modified using iText® 5.5.13.2 ©2000-2020 iText Group NV (AGPL-version)
2020-11-17T00:11:24+05:30
2022-05-25T01:43:48-07:00
2022-05-25T01:43:48-07:00
uuid:fd27b9de-d42e-4165-ac59-b7cc111bc0a1
uuid:ce1cee8d-846d-4ccb-8ef4-f978ba94f068
2022
ABSTRACT
Animal venoms are considered sterile sources of antimicrobial compounds with strong membrane-disrupting activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, venomous bite wound infections are common in developing nations. Investigating the envenomation organ and venom microbiota of five snake and two spider species, we observed venom community structures that depend on the host venomous animal species and evidenced recovery of viable microorganisms from black-necked spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) and Indian ornamental tarantula (Poecilotheria regalis) venoms. Among the bacterial isolates recovered from N. nigricollis, we identified two venom-resistant, novel sequence types of Enterococcus faecalis whose genomes feature 16 virulence genes, indicating infectious potential, and 45 additional genes, nearly half of which improve bacterial membrane integrity. Our findings challenge the dogma of venom sterility and indicate an increased primary infection risk in the clinical management of venomous animal bite wounds.
IMPORTANCE Notwithstanding their 3 to 5% mortality, the 2.7 million envenomation-related injuries occurring annually—predominantly across Africa, Asia, and Latin America—are also major causes of morbidity. Venom toxin-damaged tissue will develop infections in some 75% of envenomation victims, with E. faecalis being a common culprit of disease; however, such infections are generally considered to be independent of envenomation. Here, we provide evidence on venom microbiota across snakes and arachnida and report on the convergent evolution mechanisms that can facilitate adaptation to black-necked cobra venom in two independent E. faecalis strains, easily misidentified by biochemical diagnostics. Therefore, since inoculation with viable and virulence gene-harboring bacteria can occur during envenomation, acute infection risk management following envenomation is warranted, particularly for immunocompromised and malnourished victims in resource-limited settings. These results shed light on how bacteria evolve for survival in one of the most extreme environments on Earth and how venomous bites must be also treated for infections.
20211201
20220414
2165-0497
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